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Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Role of sonic hedgehog gene

A

ant/post axis of limbs

mutation can cause holoprosencephaly

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2
Q

Role of Wnt-7 gene

A

dorsal/ventral axis of limbs

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3
Q

Role of FGF gene

A

mitosis of mesoderm

lengthening of limbs

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4
Q

Role of Homeobox genes

A

craniocaudal direction of embryo organization

mutations cause limbs in wronge locations

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5
Q

Week of gastrulation of embryo

A

week 3

becomes 3 layers

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6
Q

Teratogen timeframe susceptibility

A

weeks 3-8

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7
Q

Surface ectoderm development

A

adenohypophysis
lens of eye
sensory organs of ear and olfactory
parotid, sweat, mammary glands

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8
Q

Neuorectoderm development

A

neurohypophysis/brain
retina
optic nerve
spinal cord

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9
Q

Neural crest development

A 
PNS
chromaffin cells in adrenals
parafollicular cells in thyroid
bones of skull
Aorticopulmonary septum
nucleus pulposus
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10
Q

Teratogenicity of aminoglycosides

A

CN VIII toxicity

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11
Q

Teratogenicity of Diethylstilbrestrol

A

clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina

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12
Q

Teratogenicity of Lithium

A

Ebstein anomaly

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13
Q

Teratogenicity of phenytoin

A

hydantoin syndrome
hypoplastic nails/fingers
microcephaly

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14
Q

Teratogenicity of thalidomide

A

limb defects/flapper limbs

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15
Q

Pregnancy risk with cocaine

A

placental abruption

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16
Q

Pregnancy risk with smoking

A

ADHD

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17
Q

Risk with maternal diabetes in pregnancy

A

congenital heart defects

neural tube defects

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18
Q

Excess Vit A risk with pregnancy

A

spontaneous abortion

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19
Q

Cause of dichorionic/diamniotic twins

A

Splitting of 2 cell stage (0-4 days)

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20
Q

Cause of Monochorionic/diamniotic twins

A

Splitting of morula

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21
Q

Cause of monochorionic/monoamniotic twins

A

Splitting of blastocyst

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22
Q

Role of syncytiotrophoblasts

A

secrete hCG (maintains pregnancy via corpus luteum)

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23
Q

Umbilical structure components

A 
2 arteries (from internal iliacs)
1 vein (placenta to fetus)
all 3 derived from allantois
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24
Q

Urachal duct

A

between bladder and yolk sac

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25
Q

Vitelline duct

A

between midgut and yolk sac

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26
Q

1st aortic arch

A

maxillary artery

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27
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

stapedial/hyoid arteries

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28
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

common carotid and internal carotids

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29
Q

4th aortic arch

A

aortic arch and R subclavian

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30
Q

6th aortic arch

A

pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

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31
Q

Branchial apparatus components

A

clefts-ectoderm
arches-mesoderm
pouches-endoderm

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32
Q

1st branchial cleft

A

external auditory meatus

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33
Q

1st branchial arch

A

mandible/malleus/incus
muscles of mastication
CN V2 and V3

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34
Q

Abnormality of 1st branchial arch

A

Treacher collins
mandibular hypoplasia
abn facies

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35
Q

2nd branchial arch

A

Stapes/styloid/less horn of hyoid
steapdeius/stylohyoid/post digastric
CN VII

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36
Q

3rd branchial arch

A

greater horn of hyoid
stylopharyngeus
CN IX

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37
Q

4th-6th branchial arch

A

thyroid/cricoid/artenoid/corniculate/cuneiform
larynx muscles (except cricothyroid)
CN X

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38
Q

1st branchial pouch

A

middle ear/mastoid air cells

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39
Q

2nd branchial pouch

A

palatine tonsils

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40
Q

3rd branchial pouch

A

inf parathyroids/thymus

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41
Q

4th branchial pouch

A

superior parathyroids

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42
Q

MEN 2A

A

RET mutation (of neural crests cells)
pheochromocytoma
parathyroid tumor-3rd/4th pouch
parafollicular cell tumor (medullary thyroid)-4th/5th pouch

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43
Q

Genital embryology of males

A

SRY gene makes Sertoli cells secrete MIF
suppresses paramesonephric duct development
Leydig cells make androgens to develop mesonephric duct

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44
Q

Development of paramesonephric duct

A

fallopian tubes
uterus
upper vagina

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45
Q

Development of mesonephric duct

A

seminal vesicles
epidiymis
ejaculatory duct
ductus deferens

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46
Q

Cause of bicornuate uterus

A

incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts

47
Q

Impact of 5alph-reductase deficiency

A

ambiguous ext genitalia until puberty

48
Q

Lymph drainage of testes/ovaries

A

para-aortic LN

49
Q

Lymph drainage of vagina/scrotum

A

superifical inguinal LN

50
Q

Lymph drainage of uterus

A

external iliac LN

51
Q

Contents of suspensory ligament of ovaries

A

ovarian vessels

ureter at risk when vessels ligated

52
Q

Contents of cardinal ligament

A

uterine vessels

53
Q

Contents of round ligament of uterus

A

artery of Sampson

acts as anastamosis b/t ovarian and uterine arteries

54
Q

Pathway of sperm during ejaculation

A 
SEVEn UP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra
Penis
55
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A 
stimulated by FSH
produce ABP (maintains high local testosterone)
produce inhibin (inhibits FSH)
tight junctions protect developing sperm
regulate spermatogenesis
make MIF
56
Q

Function of Leydig cells

A

stimulated by LH
secrete testosterone
unaffected by temp (Sertoli are)

57
Q

Spermatogenesis

A 
in seminiferous tubules
make spermatids (1N) that under spermiogenesis
58
Q

Drug inhibiting 5alpha-reductase

A

finasteride

59
Q

Enzyme converting testosterone to estrogen

A

aromatase

60
Q

Impact of estrogen

A

inhibition of FSH/LH and LH surge
SHBG production
increase HDL, decrease LDL

61
Q

Tanner stages of development

A 
1-childhood
2-pubic hair and breast buds
3-breast/penis enlargement
4-increase penis width, development of glans, raised areolae
5-adult, areolae not raised
62
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation

mimics appendicitis

63
Q

Oogenesis

A

complete meiosis 1 prior to ovulation (in fetus)
meiosis 1 arrested in prophase I until ovulation
meiosis II arrested in metaphase II until fertilization

64
Q

Hormones in menopause

A

increased FSH

decreased estrogen

65
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

XXY
increased FSH/LH/estrogen
dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules

66
Q

Turner syndrome

A

XO
decreased estrogen
increased FSH/LH
webbing of neck/coarctation of aorta/horseshoe kidney

67
Q

Androgen insensitivity

A 
androgen receptors not working
XY
phenotypic female
intraabdominal testes
increased testosterones/estrogen/LH
68
Q

Kallman syndrome

A

GnRH cells and olfacotry bulb fails to migrate
decreased GnRH/FSH/LH
anosmia
lack secondary sexual characteristics

69
Q

Complete Hydatidiform mole

A

cluster of grapes/honeycombed uterus
choriocarcinoma precursor
46 XX or XY
snowstorm appearance

70
Q

Incomplete hydatidiform mole

A

69 XXX, XXY, or XYY

lower risk of maligancy

71
Q

Sx of abruptio placentae

A

painful bleeding in pregnancy 3rd trimester

assc with DIC/cocaine/HTN

72
Q

Sx of placenta previa

A

painless bleeding in any trimester

73
Q

Ectopic pregnancy histo

A

decidualized endometrium

no chorionic villi

74
Q

Cervical cancers characteristics

A 
assc with HPV 16 and 18
koilocytic changes (raisin like nuclei)
E6 binds p53
E7 binds Rb
grows in basal layer
75
Q

Tx for endometritis

A

gentamycin and clindamycin

w/ or w/o ampicillin

76
Q

Endometriosis

A

cyclic bleeding assc with stage of menstrual cycle
chocolate cyst of ovary (due to hemorrhage)
Normal sized uterus

77
Q

Adenomyosis

A

endometrial tissue within the myometrium

tx is hysterectomy

78
Q

Endometrial carcinoma

A

55-65 y/o

risk with unopposed estrogen/endometrial hyperplasia/nullparity/DM/obesity

79
Q

Leiomyoma of uterus

A

fibroid
estrogen sensitive (shrinks with menopause)
20-40 y/o
Whorled pattern of smooth muscle

80
Q

Leiomyosarcoma of uterus

A

bulky, irregular tumor
hemorrhage and necrosis
arises de novo

81
Q

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

increased LH production
anovulation/no progesterone
increased testosterone and estrogen (due to theca cells)
assc with diabetes

82
Q

Ovarian dysgerminoma

A

sheets of uniform cells
assc with Turner syndrome
increased nCG and LDH

83
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

trophoblastic tissue tumor
increased hCG
no chorionic villi present

84
Q

Yolk sac tumor

A

endodermal sinus tumor
young children
Schiller-Duval bodies (looks like glomeruli)
increased AFP and A1AT

85
Q

Struma ovarii

A

teratoma with functional thyroid tissue

86
Q

Serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary

A

psammoma bodies

bilateral and malignant

87
Q

Risk with ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

A

pseudomyxoma peritonei

accumulation of mucus in peritoneum

88
Q

Brenner tumor

A

in ovary
transitional epithelium (normally in bladder)
yellow tan color
coffee bean nuclei

89
Q

Risk with fibroma of ovary

A

Meigs syndrome-ascites and hydrothorax

90
Q

Granulosa cell tumor of ovary

A

secretes estrogen
precocious puberty
Call Exner bodies

91
Q

Krukenberg tumor

A

bilateral GI mets to ovaries

signet cells

92
Q

Sarcoma botryoides

A

less than 5 y/o
desmin positive
grapes-like protrusions from vagina

93
Q

Breast fibroadenoma

A

firm, mobile mass

changes size with changes in estrogen

94
Q

Phyllodes tumor of breast

A

6th decade
leaf life projections
lg and bulky

95
Q

Invasive ductal tumor of breast

A

rock hard
stellate morpholgy
worst prognosis

96
Q

Invasive lobular tumor of breast

A

row of cells (Indian file)

97
Q

Paget’s disease of breast

A

eczematous patch on nipple
lg cells with clear halos
suggestive of underlying cancer

98
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

over 50 y/o
lateral and middle lobes enlarged
increased PSA
tx with a1 blockers or finesteride

99
Q

Result of crytorchidism

A 
impaired spermatogenesis (due to Sertoli cells temp sensative)
normal testosterone (Leydig cells not impacted)
100
Q

Seminoma

A

homogenous testicular enlargement
fried egg appearance
increased PLAP
painless

101
Q

Yolk sac tumor of testes

A

Schiller Duval bodies
increased AFP and A1AT
yellow, mucinous

102
Q

Leydig cell tumor

A

contain Reinke crystals
precocious puberty in boys
golden brown color

103
Q

Leuprolide

A

GnRH analog
infertility, use pulsatile
prostate cancer, use continuous

104
Q

Finasteride

A

5alpha-reductase inhibitor

used in BPH

105
Q

Flutamide

A

inhibitor of testosterone

106
Q

Ketoconazole

A

inihibits 17,20-desmolase
inhibits steroid synthesis
for PCOS

107
Q

Spironolactone

A

inhibits steroid binding

for PCOS

108
Q

Clomiphene

A

estrogen agonist at hypothalamus
increased LH and FSH release
for ovulation

109
Q

Tamoxifen

A

breast tissue antagonist

tx and prevent breast cancer

110
Q

Raloxifene

A

estrogen agonist on bone

for osteoporosis

111
Q

Mifepristone

A

inhibitor of progestins
for abortion
used with misoprostol

112
Q

Terbutaline

A

beta 2 agonist to relax uterus

113
Q

Tamsulosin

A

alpha 1 agonist for BPH

114
Q

Danazol

A

agonist at androgen receptors

for endometriosis and hereditary angioedema

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