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Undeleted > Quick run through of 1st AID > Flashcards

Quick run through of 1st AID Flashcards

1
Q

RNA polymerases and role (I-III)

A

I-rRNA
II-mRNA
III-tRNA

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2
Q

I-Cell disease sx

A

coarse facies
clouded cornea
decreased joint movement

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3
Q

ADPKD genetics

A

chromosome 16

PKD1 gene

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4
Q

INH vitamin impact

A

decreased B6

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5
Q

Raw eggs vitamin impact

A

decreased B7 (biotin)

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6
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum vitamin impact

A

decreased B12

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7
Q

Vit C need for adrenal glands

A

used in DA to NE production

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8
Q

Main regulator of glycolysis

A

PFK-1

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9
Q

Reason for fever with aspirin OD

A

uncoupling of ox-phos

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10
Q

Problem in essential fructosuria

A

unable to absorb fructose

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11
Q

Problem in fructose intolerance

A

decreased aldolase B
Frc-1-P accumulates in cells
causes jaundice/cirrhosis/hypoglycemia

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12
Q

Rate limiting step in urea cycle

A

CPS I

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13
Q

AA used in urea cycle

A

aspartate donates NH4+

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14
Q

Transporter of NH4+ in blood

A

alanine (becomes pyruvate when deaminated)

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15
Q

Increased NH4+ on TCA cycle

A

depletes alpha-ketoglutarate

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16
Q

Homocysteinuria essential AA and sx

A

cysteine becomes essential

lens subluxation/MR/kyphosis/atherosclerosis

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17
Q

Pompe’s disease organ impact

A

Heart failure (alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency)

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18
Q

X-linked lysosomal storage diseases

A

Fabry’s (galactocerebroside)

Hunter’s

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19
Q

Sx of Fabry’s disease

A

angiokeratoma

Renal/CV disease

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20
Q

Sx of Krabbe’s disease

A

optic atrophy
globoid cells
peripheral neuropathy

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21
Q

Genetics of abetalipoproteinemia

A

MTP gene

decreased B48/B100

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22
Q

Molecule in spores

A

dipicolinic acid

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23
Q

Bugs with EF2 inactivation toxin

A

pseudomonas

diphtheria

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24
Q

Bugs with aincativation of 60s ribosome toxin (removes adenine from rRNA)

A

Shigella

EHEC

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25
Q

Bugs with toxins increasing cAMP via Gs

A

ETEC
anthrax
cholerae

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26
Q

Bug with toxin increasing cAMP via Gi

A

B. pertussis

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27
Q

TB virulence factors

A

Cord factor-inhibits macrophage maturation/increased TNF-alpha
Sulfatides-decrease phagolysosomal fusion

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28
Q

Differentation b/t shigella and salmonella

A

Salmonella is H2S (+), Shigella is (-)

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29
Q

Tx for pseudomonas

A

aminoglycosides

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30
Q

Sx of salmonella typhi

A

rose spots on abd
diarrhea
can remain in gallbladder as dormant

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31
Q

Bugs with bipolar stains

A

Pastreulla and yersinia pestis

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32
Q

Use of Weil-Felix test

A

rickettsial infections

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33
Q

What is Weil’s disease

A

caused by Leptospira interrogans

jaundice/azotemia/anemia/hemorrhage

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34
Q

Vector for borrelia recurrentis

A

body louse

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35
Q

Bug causing undulating fever from animals

A

Brucella

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36
Q

Ehrlichia chaffeensis vector and types

A

vector=lone star tick
ehrlichia in macrophages
anaplasma in granulocytes

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37
Q

Reactive arthritis cause

A

chlamydia

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38
Q

Yeast found in macrophages

A

histoplasmosis

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39
Q

Soap bubble lesions in brain/capsular halos

A

cryptococcus neoformans (AIDS pts)

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40
Q

Cigar shaped bug

A

Sporothrix schenckii

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41
Q

Liver abscesses/dysentery bug

A

entamoeba histolytica

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42
Q

Sandfly vector/amastigotes in macrophages

A

Leishmania donovani

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43
Q

Strawberry cervix

A

trichomonas vaginalis

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44
Q

Blood sucking parasites in GI

A

ancylostoma duodenal

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45
Q

Hydatid cyst disease

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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46
Q

Bug assc with cholangiocarcinoma

A

Clonarchis sinensis

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47
Q

Nonlinear DNA viruses

A

papilloma
polyoma
hepadna

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48
Q

Only ssDNA virus

A

parvovirus

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49
Q

Only dsRNA virus

A

reovirus (rotavirus and colorado tick fever)

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50
Q

Naked DNA viruses

A 
PAPP
papilloma
adenovirus
polyoma
parvo
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51
Q

Naked RNA viruses

A

CPR
calcivirus
picorna
reovirus

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52
Q

Picornaviruses

A 
PERCH
polio
echo
rhino
coxsackie
HAV
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53
Q

Paramyxoviruses

A

parainfluenza
mumps
measles
RSV

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54
Q

Tx for listeria meningitis

A

ceftriaxone and ampicillin

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55
Q

Cause of cherry red epiglottis

A

H. influenza type B

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56
Q

Bugs that aminoglycosides are ineffective against

A

anaerobes

need O2 uptake to get into cell

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57
Q

General type of bugs tx with tetracyclines

A

intracellular

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58
Q

Use of chloramphenicol

A

meningitis

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59
Q

Use of fluoroquinolones (bug type)

A

gram (-) rods and Neisseria

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60
Q

MOA of isoniazid

A

decreases mycolic acid synthesis

needs KatG in bacteria to be activated

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61
Q

Rifampin MOA

A

inhibits DNA dependent RNA pol

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62
Q

MOA of ethambutol

A

blocks arabinosyltransferase

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63
Q

MOA of amphotericin B/nystatin

A

binds ergosterol

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64
Q

MHC class I synthesis

A

Ag loaded to RER

needs Beta2-microglobulin

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65
Q

MHC class I synthesis

A

Ag loaded with invariant chain

released in endosome

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66
Q

Assc with HLA-DR2

A

MS
SLE
Goodpasture’s

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67
Q

Assc with HLA-DR4

A

RA

DM type 1

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68
Q

Th to Th2 stimulus

A

IL-4

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69
Q

Th to Th1 stimulus

A

IL-12

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70
Q

Molecules needed for T cell activation

A

B7 and CD28

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71
Q

GPI anchored enzyme defect

A

PNH

complement lysis of RBC’s

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72
Q

EBV receptor on cells

A

CD21 on B cells

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73
Q

CD causing LPS activation of macrophages

A

CD14

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74
Q

Guillain Barre HS rxn type

A

type IV

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75
Q

Assc with antimitochondrial Abs

A

primary biliary sclerosis

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76
Q

Sx of hyper-IgE syndrome (3) and cause

A

no IFN-gamma from Th1 cells

retained primary teeth/eczema/coarse facies

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77
Q

Sx of ataxia telangiectasia (3) and cause

A

ATM gene defect (DNA repair)

cerebellar defects/spider angiomas/low IgA

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78
Q

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrom sx (3) and cause

A

defect in actin cytoskeleton
thrombocytopenia
infections
eczema

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79
Q

Interferon alpha tx

A

Hep B/C
Kaposi’s
leukemia

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80
Q

Interferon beta tx

A

MS

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81
Q

Interferon gamma tx

A

CGD

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82
Q

Protein involved in extrinsic apoptosis

A

Fas protein (w/ CD95)

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83
Q

Cause of caspase activation

A

increased Ca2+ in cell

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84
Q

Proteins used in rolling adhesion

A

selectins/sialyl-Lewis

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85
Q

Proteins used in tight adhesion

A

ICAM-1/LFA-1 (integrins)

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86
Q

Proteins used in diapedesis

A

PECAM-1

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87
Q

Scar formation and collagen types

A

type III collagen (granulation), to type I collagen (scar)

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88
Q

Ret gene assc

A

MEN 2A and 2B

is a tyrosine kinase oncogene

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89
Q

TRAP stain

A

hairy cell leukemia

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90
Q

Increased PTHrP assc

A

SCC of lung

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91
Q

Increased EPO assc (malignancy)

A

renal cell carcinoma

hemangioblastoma

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92
Q

Gs mediated receptors

A

B1, B2, D1, H2, V2

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93
Q

Gq mediated receptors

A

a1, M1, H1, V1, M3

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94
Q

Gi mediated receptors

A

a2, M2, D2

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95
Q

Use of donepezil

A

Alzheimer’s (anticholinesterase)

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96
Q

Use of benztropine

A

Parkinson’s (muscarinic antagonist)

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97
Q

Use of mirtazapine

A

Depression (alpha 2 antagonist)

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98
Q

Antidote for aspirin

A

bicarb

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99
Q

Antidote for beta blockers

A

glucagon

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100
Q

Antidote for Pb

A

CaEDTA/dimercaprol

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101
Q

Antidote for Cu

A

penicillamine

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102
Q

Antidote for TCA’s

A

NaHCO3

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103
Q

Antidote for Amphetamines

A

NH4Cl

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104
Q

Drugs causing gingival hyperplasia

A

phenytoin

verapamil

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105
Q

Drugs causing hypothyroidism

A

Li+
amiodarone
sulfonamides

106
Q

Drugs causing Parkinsonism

A

antipsychotics
reserpine
metoclopramide

107
Q

Drugs causing disulfiram rxn

A

metronidazole
cephalosporins
sulfonylureas

108
Q

Cause of wide S2 split

A

pulmonic stenosis/RBBB

109
Q

Carotid sinus innervation

A

CN IX

110
Q

Blood flow regulator in the brain

A

CO2 (via pH)

111
Q

Infantile coarctation of aorta assc

A

Turner syndrome

112
Q

Risk of free wall rupture post MI

A

3-14 days

due to macrophage infiltrate

113
Q

Risk with MI several weeks post MI

A

Dressler’s syndrome

fibrous pericarditis

114
Q

Congenital disease assc with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Friedriech’s ataxia

115
Q

Rheumatic fever histo buzz words

A

Aschoff bodies

Anitschkow cells

116
Q

Histo of rhabdomyomas

A

spider cells

117
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa assc

A

Hep B

118
Q

Angiosarcoma assc

A

hx of radiation therapy

119
Q

Lymphangiosarcoma assc

A

post radical mastectomy/persistent lymphedema

120
Q

Target of CCB’s

A

L-type Ca2+ channels

121
Q

Action of class I antiarrhythmics on cardiac AP

A

decrease phase 0 slope

122
Q

Action of class II antiarrhythmics on cardiac AP

A

decrease phase 4 slope

123
Q

What does prolactin inhibit?

A

ovulation/spermatogenesis

124
Q

Sx of hypercalcemia

A

bone pain
abd pain
hyperreflexia
pancreatitis

125
Q

Reason for skin hyperpigmentation with Addison’s disease

A

POMC production funneled into MSH instead of ACTH

126
Q

Neuroblastoma lab finding

A

homovanillic acid in urine

medulla tumor of children

127
Q

Ab assc with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and cell type seen

A

anti-microsomal Abs

Huerthle cells

128
Q

Medullary thyroid cancer assc

A

MEN 2A and 2B

129
Q

Enzyme producing sorbitol/galactitol

A

aldose reductase

130
Q

MEN 1 tumors

A

parathyroid
pituitary
pancreatic

131
Q

MEN 2A tumors

A

parathyroid
pheochromocytoma
medullary thryoid

132
Q

MEN 2B tumors

A

pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid
ganglionenuromatosis

133
Q

Target of thiazolidinediones

A

PPAR-gamma, to increase insulin sensitivity

134
Q

Lay Auerbach’s plexus resides in

A

muscularis externa

135
Q

What facilitates carb absorption in GI

A

SGLT (Glc and Gal) and GLUT-5 (Frc)

136
Q

Action of CCK

A

increase gallbladder contraction/relax sphincter of Oddi

137
Q

Enzyme activating all other enzymes for protein digestion

A

trypsin(ogen)

trypsinogen activated by enterokinase/trypsin

138
Q

Celiac sprue HLA asscs

A

DQ2 and DQ8

139
Q

Crohn’s autoimmune mediation

A

Th1

140
Q

Ulcerative colitis autoimmune mediation

A

Th2

141
Q

PAS (+) stain on liver bx

A

A1AT deficiency

142
Q

Tx for crigler-najjar type II

A

phenobarbital

143
Q

Genetics and degeneration in Wilson’s disease

A

ATP7B gene on chromosome 13

degeneration of basal ganglia

144
Q

Primary sclerosing cholangitis assc

A

ulcerative colitis

145
Q

What can be decreased in long term PPI therapy?

A

Mg2+

146
Q

Sx of Al(OH)3 excess

A

constipation

prox muscle weakness

147
Q

Sx of Mg(OH)2 excess

A

diarrhea

hypotension

148
Q

What type of Ig is anti-Rh?

A

IgG

149
Q

Causes of basophilic stippling

A

Pb poisoning

thalassemias

150
Q

Cause of ringed sideroblasts

A

excess iron

151
Q

Heme production enzymes inhibited by Pb

A

ferrochelatase

ALA dehydratase

152
Q

Defect with Fanconi’s syndrome

A

AR

DNA repair defect

153
Q

Triad sx of PNH

A

hemolytic anemia
pancytopenia
venous thrombosis

154
Q

Iron storage protein

A

ferritin

155
Q

Iron transport protein

A

transferrin

156
Q

Sx and tx for acute intermittent porphyria

A

dark urine/polyneuropathy/abd pain

tx=heme and Glc

157
Q

Pathology of TTP

A

ADAMTS13 deficiency

158
Q

Inheritance of von Willibrand’s disease and tx

A

AD

tx=desmopressin (releases vWF from endothelium)

159
Q

Reed-Steinberg characteristics

A

assc with HL
CD15 and CD30 (+)
binucleate

160
Q

Burkitt’s translocation

A

t(8:14)

161
Q

Mantle cell lymphoma translocation

A

t(11:14)

162
Q

Follicular cell lymphoma translocation

A

t(14:18)

163
Q

Multiple myeloma buzzwords (3)

A

Bence-Jones proteins in urine
clock face chromatin
Rouleaux formation (RBCs)

164
Q

TdT (+) disease

A

ALL

165
Q

Smudge cells

A

CLL

166
Q

Auer rods disease and tx for it

A

AML

AML M3 tx=Vit A/retinoic acid

167
Q

t(9:22)

A

CML/Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl)

decreased LAP

168
Q

Histiocytosis markers

A

CD1a and S-100 (+)

169
Q

Cause of polycythemia vera

A

JAK2 constitutive expression

170
Q

Cause of HIT with heparin

A

Ab-heparin-PF4 complex

171
Q

Aspirin effect on PT/PTT/bleeding time

A

no change of PT/PTT

increased bleeding time

172
Q

Cisplatin toxicity and tx for it

A

nephro/ototoxicity

tx=amifostine

173
Q

Use of imatinib (Gleevac)

A

CML

bcr-abl inhibitor

174
Q

Target of Rituximab

A

CD20

175
Q

Target of Bevacizumab

A

VEGF

176
Q

Nerve impact with surgical neck of humerus

A

axillary

177
Q

Muslces innv by median n. in the hand

A

2 lateral lumbricals
opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis

178
Q

Bands changing length in sarcomere with contraction

A

H and I bands

179
Q

Soap bubble sign on distal femur

A

Giant cell tumor

180
Q

Codman’s angle/sunburst pattern of bone

A

Osteosarcoma (on metaphysis)

181
Q

Onion skin appearance in bone

A

Ewing’s sarcoma t(11:22)

diaphysis of bone

182
Q

Differentiation of RA from OA

A

RA=morning stiffness that resolves

OA=use causes stiffness/larger joints

183
Q

Histo buzzs of sarcoidosis

A

Schaumann and asteroid bodies

184
Q

Temporal arteritis assc

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica (hip/shoulder stiffness)

185
Q

Lichen planus assc

A

Hep C

186
Q

Sx of aspirin OD

A

hyperventilation/metabolic acidosis

187
Q

MOA of colchicine

A

stabilizes tubulin/impairs leukocyte chemotaxis

188
Q

Sensation to ant tongue

A

General=V3

Taste=VII

189
Q

NE synthesis location in CNS

A

locus ceruleus

190
Q

DA synthesis location in CNS

A

SN and ventral tegmental area

191
Q

5HT synthesis location in CNS

A

raphe nucleus

192
Q

GABA synthesis location in CNS

A

nucleus accumbens

193
Q

Satiety center in brain

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

194
Q

Hunter center in brain

A

lateral hypothalamus

195
Q

Cause of neuron death in Huntington’s

A

NMDA/glutamate toxicity

196
Q

Cause of Wernicke-Korsaff

A

B1 deficiency

197
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome artery

A

PICA

198
Q

CN that decussates post to brainstem

A

CN IV

199
Q

Autonomics nucleus in brainstem

A

dorsal motor nucleus (CN X)

200
Q

medial brainstem nuclei

A

III
VI
XII

201
Q

Only muscle opening jaw

A

lateral pterygoid

202
Q

Lesioned nerve causing head tilt compensation

A

CN IV

203
Q

Meyer’s loop location

A

temporal lobe

204
Q

Dorsal optic radiations location

A

parietal lobe

205
Q

Buzzword for oligodendrogliomas

A

fried egg cell/chicken-wire capillaries

206
Q

Rosenthal fibers assc

A

pilocytic astrocytoma

207
Q

Homer-Wright rosettes assc

A

Medulloblastoma

208
Q

B1 impact on kidney

A

increases renin release

209
Q

a1 impact on kidney

A

increased Na+/K+ pump of prox tubule

210
Q

Buzz for chronic pyelonephritis on histo

A

thyroidization of kidneys

211
Q

Causes of ATN

A

HgCl
CCl4
ethylene glycol

212
Q

Deficiency in Hartnup’s disease

A

Tryptophan

213
Q

Excess K+ on EKG

A

wide QRS/peaked T wave

214
Q

Winter’s formula

A

PCO2=1.5(HCO3-) + 8

215
Q

Crescent moon shape of glomeruli

A

Rapidly progressive GN

216
Q

Tendency of renal cell carcinoma

A

invade renal vein/IVC

217
Q

Histo buzz for chromophobe renal carcinoma

A

halo around nucleus

(+) Hale’s colloidal iron stain

218
Q

Finding assc with ARPKD

A

hepatic fibrosis

219
Q

Assc with medullary sponge kidney

A

Marfans/Ehlers-Danlos

220
Q

Gene for A/P axis of development

A

sonic Hedgehog

221
Q

Gene for dorsal/ventral axis of development

A

Wnt-7

222
Q

Role of FGF gene

A

mitosis/limb lengthening in development

223
Q

Role of Hox genes

A

craniocaudal develpment

224
Q

Assc with Li+ during pregnancy

A

Ebstein anomaly

225
Q

Cocaine assc during pregnancy

A

placental abruption

226
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

stapedial/hyoidal artery

227
Q

4-6th branchial arches

A

everything except cricothyroid in larynx

228
Q

Cause of paramesonephric duct regression

A

MIF from Sertoli cells

229
Q

Role of Sertoli cells

A

spermatogenesis
ABP production
inhibin production (inhibits FSH)

230
Q

MOA of finasteride

A

5alpha-reductase inhibition

231
Q

Locations of aromatase and fxn

A

converts testosterone to estrogen

in adipose/Leydig cells/Granulosa cells

232
Q

Phase arrests in oogenesis

A

prophase I until ovulation

metaphase II until fertilization

233
Q

Kallman syndrome pathology

A

failure of neural crest cell migration
defective GnRH and olfactory bulbs
anosmia/no secondary sexual characteristics

234
Q

Karyotype of complete mole

A

XX or XY (2 sperm in empty egg)

235
Q

HPV oncogene factors

A

E6 via p53

E7 via Rb

236
Q

Tx for endometritis

A

gentamycin + clindamycin

237
Q

Histo buzz for dysgerminoma

A

sheet of uniform cells

238
Q

Choriocarcinoma distinguishing from mole

A

No chorionic villi

239
Q

Histo buzz for Yolk sac tumor

A

Schiller-Duval bodies

240
Q

Histo buzz for Granulosa cell tumor

A

Call-Exner bodies

241
Q

Histo buzz for invasive lobular breast cancer

A

row of cells/Indian file

242
Q

Histo buzz for Paget’s disease of breast

A

clear halo cells

243
Q

Lobes involved in BPH

A

lat and middle

244
Q

Distinguishing b/t seminoma and embryonal carcinoma of testis

A

seminoma is painless

embryonal carcinoma very painful

245
Q

Histo buzz for Leydig cell tumor

A

Reinke crystals

246
Q

MOA of flutamide

A

testosterone antagonist

247
Q

MOA of danazol

A

androgen agonist, for endometriosis

248
Q

Epithelium type in conducting zone of airway

A

pseudostratified columnar (with smooth muscle)

249
Q

Tx for methemoglobiunemia

A

methylene blue

250
Q

CO poisoning shift of Hb/O2 dissocation curve

A

shift to the L

251
Q

Perfusion limited gases

A

O2/CO2/N20

252
Q

Diffusion limited gases

A

CO or O2 (with fibrosis)

253
Q

Genetics of pulmonary arterial HTN

A

BMPR2 gene inactivation

254
Q

Changes seen in chronic bronchitis

A

mucus gland hypertrophy

255
Q

Changes seen in asthma

A

smooth muscle hypertrophy

256
Q

Bronchiectasis asscs

A

CF
Kartagener’s
bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

257
Q

Labs seen in sarcoidosis

A

increased ACE and Ca2+

258
Q

Eggshell calcifications of hilar LN’s

A

Silicosis

259
Q

Kulchitsky cells/Lambert-Eaton

A

small cell cancer of the lung

260
Q

MOA of bosentan

A

endothelial-1-receptor antagonist

Undeleted (71 decks)

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