Quick run through of 1st AID Flashcards
RNA polymerases and role (I-III)
I-rRNA
II-mRNA
III-tRNA
I-Cell disease sx
coarse facies
clouded cornea
decreased joint movement
ADPKD genetics
chromosome 16
PKD1 gene
INH vitamin impact
decreased B6
Raw eggs vitamin impact
decreased B7 (biotin)
Diphyllobothrium latum vitamin impact
decreased B12
Vit C need for adrenal glands
used in DA to NE production
Main regulator of glycolysis
PFK-1
Reason for fever with aspirin OD
uncoupling of ox-phos
Problem in essential fructosuria
unable to absorb fructose
Problem in fructose intolerance
decreased aldolase B
Frc-1-P accumulates in cells
causes jaundice/cirrhosis/hypoglycemia
Rate limiting step in urea cycle
CPS I
AA used in urea cycle
aspartate donates NH4+
Transporter of NH4+ in blood
alanine (becomes pyruvate when deaminated)
Increased NH4+ on TCA cycle
depletes alpha-ketoglutarate
Homocysteinuria essential AA and sx
cysteine becomes essential
lens subluxation/MR/kyphosis/atherosclerosis
Pompe’s disease organ impact
Heart failure (alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency)
X-linked lysosomal storage diseases
Fabry’s (galactocerebroside)
Hunter’s
Sx of Fabry’s disease
angiokeratoma
Renal/CV disease
Sx of Krabbe’s disease
optic atrophy
globoid cells
peripheral neuropathy
Genetics of abetalipoproteinemia
MTP gene
decreased B48/B100
Molecule in spores
dipicolinic acid
Bugs with EF2 inactivation toxin
pseudomonas
diphtheria
Bugs with aincativation of 60s ribosome toxin (removes adenine from rRNA)
Shigella
EHEC
Bugs with toxins increasing cAMP via Gs
ETEC
anthrax
cholerae
Bug with toxin increasing cAMP via Gi
B. pertussis
TB virulence factors
Cord factor-inhibits macrophage maturation/increased TNF-alpha
Sulfatides-decrease phagolysosomal fusion
Differentation b/t shigella and salmonella
Salmonella is H2S (+), Shigella is (-)
Tx for pseudomonas
aminoglycosides
Sx of salmonella typhi
rose spots on abd
diarrhea
can remain in gallbladder as dormant
Bugs with bipolar stains
Pastreulla and yersinia pestis
Use of Weil-Felix test
rickettsial infections
What is Weil’s disease
caused by Leptospira interrogans
jaundice/azotemia/anemia/hemorrhage
Vector for borrelia recurrentis
body louse
Bug causing undulating fever from animals
Brucella
Ehrlichia chaffeensis vector and types
vector=lone star tick
ehrlichia in macrophages
anaplasma in granulocytes
Reactive arthritis cause
chlamydia
Yeast found in macrophages
histoplasmosis
Soap bubble lesions in brain/capsular halos
cryptococcus neoformans (AIDS pts)
Cigar shaped bug
Sporothrix schenckii
Liver abscesses/dysentery bug
entamoeba histolytica
Sandfly vector/amastigotes in macrophages
Leishmania donovani
Strawberry cervix
trichomonas vaginalis
Blood sucking parasites in GI
ancylostoma duodenal
Hydatid cyst disease
Echinococcus granulosus
Bug assc with cholangiocarcinoma
Clonarchis sinensis
Nonlinear DNA viruses
papilloma
polyoma
hepadna
Only ssDNA virus
parvovirus
Only dsRNA virus
reovirus (rotavirus and colorado tick fever)
Naked DNA viruses
PAPP papilloma adenovirus polyoma parvo
Naked RNA viruses
CPR
calcivirus
picorna
reovirus
Picornaviruses
PERCH polio echo rhino coxsackie HAV
Paramyxoviruses
parainfluenza
mumps
measles
RSV
Tx for listeria meningitis
ceftriaxone and ampicillin
Cause of cherry red epiglottis
H. influenza type B
Bugs that aminoglycosides are ineffective against
anaerobes
need O2 uptake to get into cell
General type of bugs tx with tetracyclines
intracellular
Use of chloramphenicol
meningitis
Use of fluoroquinolones (bug type)
gram (-) rods and Neisseria
MOA of isoniazid
decreases mycolic acid synthesis
needs KatG in bacteria to be activated
Rifampin MOA
inhibits DNA dependent RNA pol
MOA of ethambutol
blocks arabinosyltransferase
MOA of amphotericin B/nystatin
binds ergosterol
MHC class I synthesis
Ag loaded to RER
needs Beta2-microglobulin
MHC class I synthesis
Ag loaded with invariant chain
released in endosome
Assc with HLA-DR2
MS
SLE
Goodpasture’s
Assc with HLA-DR4
RA
DM type 1
Th to Th2 stimulus
IL-4
Th to Th1 stimulus
IL-12
Molecules needed for T cell activation
B7 and CD28
GPI anchored enzyme defect
PNH
complement lysis of RBC’s
EBV receptor on cells
CD21 on B cells
CD causing LPS activation of macrophages
CD14
Guillain Barre HS rxn type
type IV
Assc with antimitochondrial Abs
primary biliary sclerosis
Sx of hyper-IgE syndrome (3) and cause
no IFN-gamma from Th1 cells
retained primary teeth/eczema/coarse facies
Sx of ataxia telangiectasia (3) and cause
ATM gene defect (DNA repair)
cerebellar defects/spider angiomas/low IgA
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrom sx (3) and cause
defect in actin cytoskeleton
thrombocytopenia
infections
eczema
Interferon alpha tx
Hep B/C
Kaposi’s
leukemia
Interferon beta tx
MS
Interferon gamma tx
CGD
Protein involved in extrinsic apoptosis
Fas protein (w/ CD95)
Cause of caspase activation
increased Ca2+ in cell
Proteins used in rolling adhesion
selectins/sialyl-Lewis
Proteins used in tight adhesion
ICAM-1/LFA-1 (integrins)
Proteins used in diapedesis
PECAM-1
Scar formation and collagen types
type III collagen (granulation), to type I collagen (scar)
Ret gene assc
MEN 2A and 2B
is a tyrosine kinase oncogene
TRAP stain
hairy cell leukemia
Increased PTHrP assc
SCC of lung
Increased EPO assc (malignancy)
renal cell carcinoma
hemangioblastoma
Gs mediated receptors
B1, B2, D1, H2, V2
Gq mediated receptors
a1, M1, H1, V1, M3
Gi mediated receptors
a2, M2, D2
Use of donepezil
Alzheimer’s (anticholinesterase)
Use of benztropine
Parkinson’s (muscarinic antagonist)
Use of mirtazapine
Depression (alpha 2 antagonist)
Antidote for aspirin
bicarb
Antidote for beta blockers
glucagon
Antidote for Pb
CaEDTA/dimercaprol
Antidote for Cu
penicillamine
Antidote for TCA’s
NaHCO3
Antidote for Amphetamines
NH4Cl
Drugs causing gingival hyperplasia
phenytoin
verapamil
Drugs causing hypothyroidism
Li+
amiodarone
sulfonamides
Drugs causing Parkinsonism
antipsychotics
reserpine
metoclopramide
Drugs causing disulfiram rxn
metronidazole
cephalosporins
sulfonylureas
Cause of wide S2 split
pulmonic stenosis/RBBB
Carotid sinus innervation
CN IX
Blood flow regulator in the brain
CO2 (via pH)
Infantile coarctation of aorta assc
Turner syndrome
Risk of free wall rupture post MI
3-14 days
due to macrophage infiltrate
Risk with MI several weeks post MI
Dressler’s syndrome
fibrous pericarditis
Congenital disease assc with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Friedriech’s ataxia
Rheumatic fever histo buzz words
Aschoff bodies
Anitschkow cells
Histo of rhabdomyomas
spider cells
Polyarteritis nodosa assc
Hep B
Angiosarcoma assc
hx of radiation therapy
Lymphangiosarcoma assc
post radical mastectomy/persistent lymphedema
Target of CCB’s
L-type Ca2+ channels
Action of class I antiarrhythmics on cardiac AP
decrease phase 0 slope
Action of class II antiarrhythmics on cardiac AP
decrease phase 4 slope
What does prolactin inhibit?
ovulation/spermatogenesis
Sx of hypercalcemia
bone pain
abd pain
hyperreflexia
pancreatitis
Reason for skin hyperpigmentation with Addison’s disease
POMC production funneled into MSH instead of ACTH
Neuroblastoma lab finding
homovanillic acid in urine
medulla tumor of children
Ab assc with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and cell type seen
anti-microsomal Abs
Huerthle cells
Medullary thyroid cancer assc
MEN 2A and 2B
Enzyme producing sorbitol/galactitol
aldose reductase
MEN 1 tumors
parathyroid
pituitary
pancreatic
MEN 2A tumors
parathyroid
pheochromocytoma
medullary thryoid
MEN 2B tumors
pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid
ganglionenuromatosis
Target of thiazolidinediones
PPAR-gamma, to increase insulin sensitivity
Lay Auerbach’s plexus resides in
muscularis externa
What facilitates carb absorption in GI
SGLT (Glc and Gal) and GLUT-5 (Frc)
Action of CCK
increase gallbladder contraction/relax sphincter of Oddi
Enzyme activating all other enzymes for protein digestion
trypsin(ogen)
trypsinogen activated by enterokinase/trypsin
Celiac sprue HLA asscs
DQ2 and DQ8
Crohn’s autoimmune mediation
Th1
Ulcerative colitis autoimmune mediation
Th2
PAS (+) stain on liver bx
A1AT deficiency
Tx for crigler-najjar type II
phenobarbital
Genetics and degeneration in Wilson’s disease
ATP7B gene on chromosome 13
degeneration of basal ganglia
Primary sclerosing cholangitis assc
ulcerative colitis
What can be decreased in long term PPI therapy?
Mg2+
Sx of Al(OH)3 excess
constipation
prox muscle weakness
Sx of Mg(OH)2 excess
diarrhea
hypotension
What type of Ig is anti-Rh?
IgG
Causes of basophilic stippling
Pb poisoning
thalassemias
Cause of ringed sideroblasts
excess iron
Heme production enzymes inhibited by Pb
ferrochelatase
ALA dehydratase
Defect with Fanconi’s syndrome
AR
DNA repair defect
Triad sx of PNH
hemolytic anemia
pancytopenia
venous thrombosis
Iron storage protein
ferritin
Iron transport protein
transferrin
Sx and tx for acute intermittent porphyria
dark urine/polyneuropathy/abd pain
tx=heme and Glc
Pathology of TTP
ADAMTS13 deficiency
Inheritance of von Willibrand’s disease and tx
AD
tx=desmopressin (releases vWF from endothelium)
Reed-Steinberg characteristics
assc with HL
CD15 and CD30 (+)
binucleate
Burkitt’s translocation
t(8:14)
Mantle cell lymphoma translocation
t(11:14)
Follicular cell lymphoma translocation
t(14:18)
Multiple myeloma buzzwords (3)
Bence-Jones proteins in urine
clock face chromatin
Rouleaux formation (RBCs)
TdT (+) disease
ALL
Smudge cells
CLL
Auer rods disease and tx for it
AML
AML M3 tx=Vit A/retinoic acid
t(9:22)
CML/Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl)
decreased LAP
Histiocytosis markers
CD1a and S-100 (+)
Cause of polycythemia vera
JAK2 constitutive expression
Cause of HIT with heparin
Ab-heparin-PF4 complex
Aspirin effect on PT/PTT/bleeding time
no change of PT/PTT
increased bleeding time
Cisplatin toxicity and tx for it
nephro/ototoxicity
tx=amifostine
Use of imatinib (Gleevac)
CML
bcr-abl inhibitor
Target of Rituximab
CD20
Target of Bevacizumab
VEGF
Nerve impact with surgical neck of humerus
axillary
Muslces innv by median n. in the hand
2 lateral lumbricals
opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
Bands changing length in sarcomere with contraction
H and I bands
Soap bubble sign on distal femur
Giant cell tumor
Codman’s angle/sunburst pattern of bone
Osteosarcoma (on metaphysis)
Onion skin appearance in bone
Ewing’s sarcoma t(11:22)
diaphysis of bone
Differentiation of RA from OA
RA=morning stiffness that resolves
OA=use causes stiffness/larger joints
Histo buzzs of sarcoidosis
Schaumann and asteroid bodies
Temporal arteritis assc
Polymyalgia rheumatica (hip/shoulder stiffness)
Lichen planus assc
Hep C
Sx of aspirin OD
hyperventilation/metabolic acidosis
MOA of colchicine
stabilizes tubulin/impairs leukocyte chemotaxis
Sensation to ant tongue
General=V3
Taste=VII
NE synthesis location in CNS
locus ceruleus
DA synthesis location in CNS
SN and ventral tegmental area
5HT synthesis location in CNS
raphe nucleus
GABA synthesis location in CNS
nucleus accumbens
Satiety center in brain
ventromedial hypothalamus
Hunter center in brain
lateral hypothalamus
Cause of neuron death in Huntington’s
NMDA/glutamate toxicity
Cause of Wernicke-Korsaff
B1 deficiency
Lateral medullary syndrome artery
PICA
CN that decussates post to brainstem
CN IV
Autonomics nucleus in brainstem
dorsal motor nucleus (CN X)
medial brainstem nuclei
III
VI
XII
Only muscle opening jaw
lateral pterygoid
Lesioned nerve causing head tilt compensation
CN IV
Meyer’s loop location
temporal lobe
Dorsal optic radiations location
parietal lobe
Buzzword for oligodendrogliomas
fried egg cell/chicken-wire capillaries
Rosenthal fibers assc
pilocytic astrocytoma
Homer-Wright rosettes assc
Medulloblastoma
B1 impact on kidney
increases renin release
a1 impact on kidney
increased Na+/K+ pump of prox tubule
Buzz for chronic pyelonephritis on histo
thyroidization of kidneys
Causes of ATN
HgCl
CCl4
ethylene glycol
Deficiency in Hartnup’s disease
Tryptophan
Excess K+ on EKG
wide QRS/peaked T wave
Winter’s formula
PCO2=1.5(HCO3-) + 8
Crescent moon shape of glomeruli
Rapidly progressive GN
Tendency of renal cell carcinoma
invade renal vein/IVC
Histo buzz for chromophobe renal carcinoma
halo around nucleus
(+) Hale’s colloidal iron stain
Finding assc with ARPKD
hepatic fibrosis
Assc with medullary sponge kidney
Marfans/Ehlers-Danlos
Gene for A/P axis of development
sonic Hedgehog
Gene for dorsal/ventral axis of development
Wnt-7
Role of FGF gene
mitosis/limb lengthening in development
Role of Hox genes
craniocaudal develpment
Assc with Li+ during pregnancy
Ebstein anomaly
Cocaine assc during pregnancy
placental abruption
2nd aortic arch
stapedial/hyoidal artery
4-6th branchial arches
everything except cricothyroid in larynx
Cause of paramesonephric duct regression
MIF from Sertoli cells
Role of Sertoli cells
spermatogenesis
ABP production
inhibin production (inhibits FSH)
MOA of finasteride
5alpha-reductase inhibition
Locations of aromatase and fxn
converts testosterone to estrogen
in adipose/Leydig cells/Granulosa cells
Phase arrests in oogenesis
prophase I until ovulation
metaphase II until fertilization
Kallman syndrome pathology
failure of neural crest cell migration
defective GnRH and olfactory bulbs
anosmia/no secondary sexual characteristics
Karyotype of complete mole
XX or XY (2 sperm in empty egg)
HPV oncogene factors
E6 via p53
E7 via Rb
Tx for endometritis
gentamycin + clindamycin
Histo buzz for dysgerminoma
sheet of uniform cells
Choriocarcinoma distinguishing from mole
No chorionic villi
Histo buzz for Yolk sac tumor
Schiller-Duval bodies
Histo buzz for Granulosa cell tumor
Call-Exner bodies
Histo buzz for invasive lobular breast cancer
row of cells/Indian file
Histo buzz for Paget’s disease of breast
clear halo cells
Lobes involved in BPH
lat and middle
Distinguishing b/t seminoma and embryonal carcinoma of testis
seminoma is painless
embryonal carcinoma very painful
Histo buzz for Leydig cell tumor
Reinke crystals
MOA of flutamide
testosterone antagonist
MOA of danazol
androgen agonist, for endometriosis
Epithelium type in conducting zone of airway
pseudostratified columnar (with smooth muscle)
Tx for methemoglobiunemia
methylene blue
CO poisoning shift of Hb/O2 dissocation curve
shift to the L
Perfusion limited gases
O2/CO2/N20
Diffusion limited gases
CO or O2 (with fibrosis)
Genetics of pulmonary arterial HTN
BMPR2 gene inactivation
Changes seen in chronic bronchitis
mucus gland hypertrophy
Changes seen in asthma
smooth muscle hypertrophy
Bronchiectasis asscs
CF
Kartagener’s
bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Labs seen in sarcoidosis
increased ACE and Ca2+
Eggshell calcifications of hilar LN’s
Silicosis
Kulchitsky cells/Lambert-Eaton
small cell cancer of the lung
MOA of bosentan
endothelial-1-receptor antagonist
