Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Undeleted > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland

A

most superficial layer of cortex
secretes aldosterone
controlled by renin-angiotensin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Zona fasciculata of adrenal gland

A

middle layer of cortex
secretes cortisol/sex hormones
controlled by ACTH/CRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Zona reticularis of adrenal gland

A

deepest layer of cortex
secretes sex hormones (androgens)
controlled by ACTH/CRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medulla of adrenal gland

A 
secretes catecholamines (chromaffin cells)
has preganglionic sympathetic fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Post pituitary secretion

A

ADH
oxytocin
from neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ant pituitary secretion

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
prolactin
GH
melanotropin
from oral ectoderm (Rathke's pouch)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endocrine cells of pancreas

A

alpha-glucagon
beta-insulin
delta-somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Insulin secretion pathway

A

increased Glc, increases ATP
K+ channels close, depolarizes cell
Ca2+ channels open
Ca2+ stimulates insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transporters of glucose in membrane

A

Glut1-RBC/brain
Glut2-beta islet cells/liver/kidney/intestines (bidirectional)
Glut4-adipose/muscle tissue (insulin dependent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stimulators of insulin release

A

hyperglycemia
GH
beta2-antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inhibitors of insulin release

A

hypoglycemia
somatostatin
alpha2-agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regulators of prolactin

A

TRH increases

dopamine decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Regulators of TSH

A

TRH increases

Somatostatin decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Somatostatin role

A

inhibitors GH and TSH

antigrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GnRH role

A

increase FSH/LH

inhibited by prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prolactin characteristics

A 
inhibits ovulation/spermatogenesis
promotes milk production
inhibits GnRH release
inhibited by dopamine/stimulated by TRH
from ant pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GH/somatotropin characteristics

A

linear growth & muscle mass though IGF1/somatomedian secretion
released in pulses by GHRH
increased secretion during sleep/exercise
inhibited by Glc/somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HTN
hypokalemia
ambiguous genitalia in male

A 
17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
decreased DHT (testosterone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypotension (volume)
hyperkalemia
female
pseudohermaphroditism

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

masculinization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HTN

masculinization

A

11beta-hydroxylase deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cortisol characteristics

A 
from zona fasiculata
decreases bone formation
increases epi/NE sensitivity (alpha1 receptors) on arterioles
increase insulin resistance
increased gluconeogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Regulation of cortisol

A

increased by CRH/ACTH

excess cortisol decreases CRH/ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PTH characteristics

A

increased bone resorption
increased renal Ca2+ resorption/decreased phosphate renal resorption
increases calcitriol production of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vit D characteristics

A

1,25 (OH)2 in kidney
increases Ca2+/phosphate absorption in GI
also increases bone resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Role of calcitonin

A

decrease bone resorption of Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Functions of T3 (thyroid hormone)

A

brain maturation
bone growth
beat-adrenergic effect
increase basal metabolic rate (via Na+/K+ ATPase activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Regulation of thyroid hormones (T3/T4)

A

TRH stimulates TSH, which stimulates follicular cells to make T4/T3
T3 (-) feedback on ant pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q 
HTN
wt gain
moon facies
buffalo hump
osteoporosis
A

Cushing’s syndrome
increased cortisol (steroids/tumor)
also see thin skin and immune suppression
truncal obesity seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

HTN
hypokalemia
alkalosis
low plasma renin

A 
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's sydnrome)
from adrenal hyperplasia/adenoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

HTN
hypokalmeia
high plasma renin
no growth on adrenal glands

A

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

renal artery stenosis/renal failure/cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Skin hyperpigmentation
adrenal atrophy
hypotension
hyperkalemia

A

Addison’s disease/adrenal insufficiency
lack of aldosterone and cortisol
involves entire cortex of adrenals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

N. meningitidis infection
DIC
acute hypotension/hyperkalemia

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

hemorrhage of adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q 
Episodic HTN
headache
40 y/o male
persperiation
pallor
A

Pheochromocytoma
chromaffin cell tumor secreting dopamine/NE/epi
has urinary VMA (NE/epi metabolite)
tx with irreversible alpha antagonist (phenoxybenazmine) before surgery

34
Q

4 y/o male
increased homovanillic acid in urine
metastasis seen throughout body

A

Neuroblastoma

overexpression of N-myc gene

35
Q

Nontender, enlarged thyroid
Huerthle cells
cold intolerance
wt gain

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)
assc with HLA-DR5 and lymphoma
thyroid peroxidase antithyroglobulin Abs

36
Q 
Pale
protruding umbilicus
pot bellied
puffy faced child
protuberant tongue
A

Cretinism
due to lack of fetal iodine (hypothyroidism)
mother with goiter

37
Q

Tender thyroid
wt gain
post flu
sx subside after 1 wk

A 
Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's)
self limited hypothyroidism
38
Q

Painless goiter
hard/fixed thyroid
wt gain
cold intolerance

A

Reidel’s thyroiditis
fibrosis of thyroid tissue
IgG4 related systemic disease

39
Q

focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells

increased T3/T4

A

Toxic multinodular goiter

mutation of TSH receptor

40
Q

Bilateral proptosis
waxy discoloration of skin on ant legs
wt loss
palpitations

A

Grave’s disease
thyroid stimulating Ig
pretibial myxedema (skin problem)
ophthalmopathy

41
Q

Thyroid growth
empty appearing nuclei
pasammoma bodies

A

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
good prognosis
Orphan Annie’s eyes=empty nuclei

42
Q

Decreased serum Ca2+
increased phosphate in urine
thyroid mass
sheets of cells in amyloid stroma

A

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
assc with MEN 2A and 2B
produces calcitonin

43
Q

Bone space filled with brown fibrous tissue
hypercalcemia
constipation

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

from excess PTH

44
Q

Hypocalcemia
hyperphosphatemia
CKD
bone lesions

A

Renal osteodystrophy

hyperparathyroidism due to renal disease

45
Q

Contraction of facial m. with tapping facial n.
occlusion of brachial a. causes carpal spasm
hypocalcemia

A 
Hypoparathyroidism
Autoimmune or DiGeorge syndrome
causes tetany
facial contraction=Chvostek's sign
carpal spasm=Trousseau's sign
46
Q

AD
hypocalcemia
short 4th/5th digits
short stature

A

Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy

PTH unresponsiveness of kidney

47
Q

Galactorrhea
infertility
amenorrhea
Bilateral hemianopia

A

Pituitary adenoma

decreased GnRH

48
Q

Increased IGF-1
Glc intolerance
large hands/feet
coarse facial features

A

Acromegaly

usually due to pituitary adenoma

49
Q

Thirst
dilute urine
concentration of urine following desmopressin

A

Central diabetes insipidus
no ADH production
Nephrogenic DI does not respond to desmopressin

50
Q

Hyponatremia
concentrated urine osmolarity
improves with demeclocycline

A

SIADH
assc with small cell lung cancer/head trauma/pulmonary disease/cyclophosphamide
correct Na+ levels slowly

51
Q

AD
hypocalcemia
short 4th/5th digits
short stature

A

Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy

PTH unresponsiveness of kidney

52
Q

Contraction of facial m. with tapping facial n.
occlusion of brachial a. causes carpal spasm
hypocalcemia

A 
Hypoparathyroidism
Autoimmune or DiGeorge syndrome
causes tetany
facial contraction=Chvostek's sign
carpal spasm=Trousseau's sign
53
Q

Hypocalcemia
hyperphosphatemia
CKD
bone lesions

A

Renal osteodystrophy

hyperparathyroidism due to renal disease

54
Q

Bone space filled with brown fibrous tissue
hypercalcemia
constipation

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

from excess PTH

55
Q

Decreased serum Ca2+
increased phosphate in urine
thyroid mass
sheets of cells in amyloid stroma

A

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
assc with MEN 2A and 2B
produces calcitonin

56
Q

Thyroid growth
empty appearing nuclei
pasammoma bodies

A

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
good prognosis
Orphan Annie’s eyes=empty nuclei

57
Q

Bilateral proptosis
waxy discoloration of skin on ant legs
wt loss
palpitations

A

Grave’s disease
thyroid stimulating Ig
pretibial myxedema (skin problem)
ophthalmopathy

58
Q

focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells

increased T3/T4

A

Toxic multinodular goiter

mutation of TSH receptor

59
Q

Painless goiter
hard/fixed thyroid
wt gain
cold intolerance

A

Reidel’s thyroiditis
fibrosis of thyroid tissue
IgG4 related systemic disease

60
Q

Tender thyroid
wt gain
post flu
sx subside after 1 wk

A 
Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's)
self limited hypothyroidism
61
Q 
Pale
protruding umbilicus
pot bellied
puffy faced child
protuberant tongue
A

Cretinism
due to lack of fetal iodine (hypothyroidism)
mother with goiter

62
Q

Nontender, enlarged thyroid
Huerthle cells
cold intolerance
wt gain

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)
assc with HLA-DR5 and lymphoma
thyroid peroxidase antithyroglobulin Abs

63
Q

4 y/o male
increased homovanillic acid in urine
metastasis seen throughout body

A

Neuroblastoma

overexpression of N-myc gene

64
Q 
Episodic HTN
headache
40 y/o male
persperiation
pallor
A

Pheochromocytoma
chromaffin cell tumor secreting dopamine/NE/epi
has urinary VMA (NE/epi metabolite)
tx with irreversible alpha antagonist (phenoxybenazmine) before surgery

65
Q

N. meningitidis infection
DIC
acute hypotension/hyperkalemia

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

hemorrhage of adrenal glands

66
Q

Skin hyperpigmentation
adrenal atrophy
hypotension
hyperkalemia

A

Addison’s disease/adrenal insufficiency
lack of aldosterone and cortisol
involves entire cortex of adrenals

67
Q

HTN
hypokalmeia
high plasma renin
no growth on adrenal glands

A

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

renal artery stenosis/renal failure/cirrhosis

68
Q

HTN
hypokalemia
alkalosis
low plasma renin

A 
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's sydnrome)
from adrenal hyperplasia/adenoma
69
Q

polydipsia
polyuria
obese 45 y/o
peripheral neuropathy

A

Diabetes mellitus type 2

70
Q

17 y/o
ketoacidosis
low serum insulin

A

Diabetes type I

71
Q

Type I diabetic

bleeding from the nose

A

Mucomycosis/rhizopus infection

72
Q

Recurrent diarrhea
cutaneous flushing
R sided heart murmur
growth at the appendix

A 
Carcinoid syndrome (neuroendocrine cells)
assc with GI metastasis
secretes 5HT
increased urine 5HIAA
niacin deficiency
73
Q

Rugal thickening of stomach
recurrent ulcers
growth of pancreas

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

gastrin secreting tumor, increasing H+ secretion

74
Q

Origin of post pituitary

A

neuroectoderm (dienchephalon)

75
Q

Origin of ant pituitary

A

ectoderm from orpharynx

Rathke’s pouch

76
Q

Cells types assc with ant and post pituitary

A

ant-parvocellular

post-magnocellular (PVN and supraoptic nucleus)

77
Q

Tx for hyperprolactinomia

A

bromocriptine (DA2 agonist)

78
Q

Sheehan syndrome

A

postpartum necrosis of ant pituitary
due to shock/hemorrhage
decreased blood to enlarged pituitary

79
Q

Reason for pallor in hypopituitarism

A

loss of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

80
Q

Major mortality with acromegaly

A

cardiovascular disease

DM

Undeleted (71 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions