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Undeleted > Exam 1 Physio > Flashcards

Exam 1 Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Eqn for extracellular osmolarity

A

ECF osm=2Na + Glc/18 + BUN/2.8

normal is about 300

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2
Q

Markers for total body water

A

tritium/deuterium

antipyrine

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3
Q

Markers for ECF

A

inulin
mannitol
radioactive sulfate
these cannot permeate cell walls

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4
Q

Markers for Plasma

A

radiolabeled albumin/colloid
evans blue
these cannot permate capillary walls

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5
Q

Effects of tonicity on cell

A

hypertonic soln- cell shrinks

hypotonic soln- cell swells

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6
Q

Fluid fractions intra and extracellular

A

intracellular=2/3

extracellular=1/3

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7
Q

Impact of adrenal insufficiency or overuse of diuretics on ECF/ICF

A

decrease ECF/[Na] in plasma

increase ICF

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8
Q

Impact of SIADH or bronchogenic tumors on ECF/ICF

A

increased ICF and ECF

decrease [Na] in plasma

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9
Q

Impact of Diabetes insipidus or excessive sweating on ECF/ICF

A

decrease ICF and ECF

increase [Na] in plasma

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10
Q

Impact of Cushing’s disease or primary aldosteronism on ECF/ICF

A

increased ECF
decreased ICF
increased [Na] in plasma

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11
Q

Causes of intracellular edema

A 
decreased metabolism (ATPase not working)
hyponatremia
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12
Q

How can the liver cause edema?

A

decreased synthesis of albumins

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13
Q

What is the cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome?

A

nephrin protein defect

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14
Q

Capillary oncotic pressure in kidneys

A

decreases along the length of glomerulus

dictates reabsorption of proximal tubulues in the peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

Filtration fraction eqn

A

FF=GFR/RPF

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16
Q

What do changes in filtration fraction mean?

A

increased FF-quicker saturation of oncotic pressure of glomerulus. Shows that more fluid is being filtered, leaving a higher concentration of protein in the peritubular capillaries

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17
Q

What impact the capillary coefficient (Kf)?

A

hydraulic conductivity

effective SA of filtration (Sf)

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18
Q

What can change the capillary coefficient?

A

change in SA by mesangial cells to hormones
DM/obesity increases thickness, decreases Kf
HTN can change Kf

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19
Q

Renal blood flow eqn

A

RBF=(renal artery P - renal vein P)/renal vascular resistance

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20
Q

Hormonal regulation of GFR and RBF

A

epi/NE/endothelin decrease GFR/RBF

PGE/NO increase GFR/RBF

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21
Q

Myogenic response autoregulation of kidneys

A

afferent arterioles are stretched and constrict in response

22
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

macula densa sense increased GFR
causes afferent vasoconstriction
normalizes GFR

23
Q

Juxtaglomerular cell regulation in the kidney

A

release of renin in response to decreased pressure

24
Q

Effects of aldosterone

A

increase Na+ resorption/K+ secretion
increased Na+/K+ pump activity
increases intracellular K+ in principal cells

25
Q

Eqn for molecule reabsorption in kidneys

A

Reabsorption=(GFRPx) - (VdotUx)
Px=plasma conc
Ux=urine conc
Vdot=urine flow volume

26
Q

Threshold and splay in of Glc transport in kidneys

A

Threshold-below max, but start seeing Glc in urine

Splay-gradual appearance of Glc in urine nearing the transport maximum

27
Q

Collecting duct water resorption

A

about 15% of total water resorption
regulated by ADH
uses Aquaporin-2

28
Q

Transports in proximal tubule

A 
Na+ cotransporters (with Glc/phos/aa)
Na+/H+ exchanger and Cl-/HCO3- exchanger
Na+/Cl- cotransporter
Na+ uniporters
AQP-1
29
Q

Loop of Henle reabsorption

A

descending-only water permeable

ascending-only salt permeable, uses Na+/K+/Cl- transporter

30
Q

Late distal tubule/collecting duct reabsorption

A

principal cells-Na+ resorption/K+secretion, responds to ADH and aldosterone
intercalated cells-alpha secrete acid, beta secrete bicarb

31
Q

Neural regulation of kidneys

A

alpha-adrenergics increase NaCl resorption

32
Q

Atrial natriuetic peptide

A

increases Na+ and water excretion

33
Q

Imbalances of aldosterone

A

Addisons disease-hypo

Conn’s syndrome-hyper

34
Q

Effects of aldosterone

A

increase K+ secretion and Na+/water resorption

increase Na+/K+ ATPase and ENaC expression

35
Q

Effects of ADH

A

increase water resorption in collecting ducts
increased AQP-2
stimulated by hypothalamus->post pituitary releases
stimulated by increase osmolarity or decreased ECF

36
Q

Imbalances of ADH

A

SIADH-excess ADH

Diabetes insipidus-no water resorbed due to no ADH

37
Q

Action of ADH

A

Gs on principal cells
ATP to cAMP to PKA
causes release of AQP-2

38
Q

Egn for clearance

A

Cx= (Ux*Vdot)/Px
Ux=urine conc
Vdot=urine flow
Px=plasma conc

39
Q

Meaning of clearance ratios

A

Cx/Cinulin
ratio=1, just filtered
ratio1,secreted

40
Q

Renal plasma flow eqn

A

RPF=(Upah*Vdot)/(RApah-RVpah)
Upah= urine PAH conc
RApah= renal artery PAH conc
RVpah= renal vein PAH conc

41
Q

Extraction ration eqn

A

Epah=([PAH]plasma - [PAH]venous)/[PAH]plasma

42
Q

Renal blood flow eqn

A

RBF=RPF/ (1-Hct)

43
Q

Impact of diarrhea on ECF/ICF

A

decrease ECF only

44
Q

Impact of dehydration on ECF/ICF

A

decrease ICF/ECF

increase osmolarity

45
Q

Impact of adrenal insufficiency on ECF/ICF

A

Decrease ECF
Increase ICF
Decreased osmolarity

46
Q

Impact of isotonic saline infusion on ECF/ICF

A

increase ECF only

47
Q

Impact of excessive NaCl intake on ECF/ICF

A

increase ECF
decrease ICF
increase osmolarity

48
Q

Impact of SIADH on ECF/ICF

A

increase ECF/ICF

decrease osmolarity

49
Q

Effectors of renal blood flow

A

angiotensin II/sympathetics-decrease RBF

PGE2/PGI2/dopamine/bradykinin-increase RBF

50
Q

RBF regulation

A 
autoregulation between 80-200mmHg
myogenic (contraction from stretch)
tubuloglomerular feedback (macula densa)
51
Q

Renal plasma flow measurement

A 
measured with PAH clearance
RPF=(U*V)/(Pa-Pv)
U=urine conc
V=urine volume
Pa=arterial conc
Pv=venous conc
52
Q

Glomerular filtration rate measurement

A 
measured with inulin clearance
GFR=U*V/P
U=urine conc
V=urine volume
P=plasma conc

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