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Undeleted > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of pituitary development

A

Anterior-stomodeum

Posterior-neuroectoderm

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2
Q

Schizencephaly

A

Ependymal lining continuous with cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Rexed laminae level for substantia gelantinosa

A

II

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4
Q

Rexed laminae level for nucleus of Clarke

A

VII

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5
Q

Nuclei in midbrain

A

Oculomotor
Edinger-Westphal
Trochlear
Mesencephalic

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6
Q

Nuclei in pons

A 
Abducens
Superior salivary
Motor Trigeminal
motor facial
spinal trigeminal
principle sensory of V
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7
Q

Nuclei in the medulla

A 
Hypoglossal
Dorsal motor of vagus
Inf salivatory
nucleus ambiguous
solitary
vestibular
cochlear
spinal trigeminal
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8
Q

Neurotransmitter used in raphe nuclei

A

Serotonin (5HT)

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9
Q

Result of damage to pontomesencephalic reticular formation

A

coma (loss of consciousness)

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10
Q

Result of damage to medullary reticular formation

A

insomnia

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11
Q

Reticular formation nucleus active during wake?

During sleep?

A

locus ceruleus

raphe nuclei

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12
Q

Function of pineal gland

A

circadian rhythm, melatonin production

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13
Q

Function of habenula

A

olfactory stimuli

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14
Q

Circumventricular organs: (6)

A 
Pineal gland
median eminence
Subfornical organ
area postrema
subcommissural organ
organum vasculosum
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15
Q

Area for speech/writing creation

A

Brocca’s

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16
Q

Area for speech/writing understanding

A

Wernicke’s

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17
Q

Function of nucleus accumbens

A

DA, pleasure center

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18
Q

Amygdala output pathway

A

Through stria terminalis

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19
Q

Function of globus pallidus

A

coordination center

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20
Q

Geniculate body functions:

A

Medial-auditory

Lateral-visual

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21
Q

Hippocampus circuit

A

hippocampus->fornix->mamillary bodies->anterior nucleus of thalamus->cingulate cortex->entorhinal cortex->hippocampus

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22
Q

Function of ant thalamus nucleus

A

Mamillary bodies-> A -> cingular cortex (memory)

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23
Q

Function of dorsomedial thalamus nucleus

A

frontal hypothalamus-> DM -> prefrontal

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24
Q

Function of ventral ant thalamus nucleus

A

basal nuclei-> VA -> premotor area (motion initiation)

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25
Q

Function of ventral lat thalamus nucleus

A

cerebellum-> VL -> motor cortex

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26
Q

Function of VPL of thalamus

A

body -> VPL -> sensory cortex

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27
Q

Function of VPM of thalamus

A

head -> VPM -> sensory cortex

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28
Q

Function of pulvinar of thalamus

A

back and forth from visual cortex

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29
Q

Function of lateral post thalamic nucleus

A

visual cx -> LP -> parietal cx

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30
Q

Most common NT in brain

A

glutamate, it’s everywhere!

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31
Q

Storage of NT in vesicles

A

NT/H+ antiport, vesicles are acidic

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32
Q

Receptor activity for D1, D5

A

increase cAMP

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33
Q

Receptor activity for D2-4

A

decrease cAMP

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34
Q

Receptor activity for 5HT 1 and 5

A

decrease cAMP

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35
Q

Receptor activity for 5HT 2

A

increase IP3/DAG

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36
Q

Receptor activity for 5HT 3

A

Na+ channel

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37
Q

Receptor activity for 5HT 4,6 and 7

A

increase cAMP

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38
Q

Receptor activity for alpha 1

A

increase IP3/DAG

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39
Q

Receptor activity for alpha 2

A

decrease cAMP

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40
Q

Receptor activity for betas

A

increase cAMP

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41
Q

Receptor activity for H1

A

increase IP3/DAG

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42
Q

Receptor activity for H2

A

increase cAMP

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43
Q

Receptor activity for H3,4

A

decrease cAMP

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44
Q

Receptor activity for N1,2

A

Na+ channel

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45
Q

Receptor activity for M1,3,5

A

increase IP3/DAG

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46
Q

Receptor activity for M2,4

A

decrease cAMP

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47
Q

Mechanism of MPTP

A

Metabolized by MAO to MPP+
Crosses BBB
Selectively taken up by DA cells
Is toxic to mitochondria

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48
Q

Histological sign of Parkinson’s

A

Lewy bodies (alpha-synuclein among other things inside)

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49
Q

Sign of idiopathic Parkinson’s

A

asymmetric

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50
Q

Targets of DA cells: (5)

A 
striatum
limbic cortex
amygdala
nucleus accumbens
prefrontal cortex
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51
Q

DA pathways and diseases associated with each

A

nigrostriatal ->Parkinson’s, decreased DA
mesolimbic -> Schizophrenia, increased DA
mesocortical-> occurs in both

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52
Q

Other pathways using DA: (4)

A

Inner/outer plexiform layers of retina
Periglomerular cells of olfactory bulb
tuberhypophysial/incertohypothalamic
medullary periventricular group

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53
Q

Action of carbidopa

A

Prevent breakdown of L-dopa outside the BBB

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54
Q

Action of recerpine

A

blocks DA uptake into vesicles, decreases DA released

Parkinson’s like symptoms

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55
Q

Transport of DA into cell

A

Na+/DA symporter on cell membrane

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56
Q

Metabolism of DA:

A

DA -> DOPAL via MAO-B
DOPAL -> DOPAC via aldehyde DH
DOPAC -> HVA via COMT

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57
Q

Speed of reaction

A

DOPAL-> DOPAC very quick

DOPAL is aldehyde, so MAO and ADH are on cell membrane adjacent

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58
Q

DA degradation blockers: (4)

A

deprenyl, selegiline (MAOI)

tolcapane, entacapone (COMTI)

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59
Q

DA receptor agonist:

A

bromocriptine

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60
Q

DA receptor antagonist:

A

chlorpromazine
loxapine
haloperidol

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61
Q

Side effect of L-dopa

A

hallucinations -> like schizophrenia

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62
Q

Action of cocaine:

A

blocks DA reuptake

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63
Q

Action of amphetamines:

A

increases DA release

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64
Q

Environmental toxins causing Parkinson’s

A

Paraquat and manganese

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65
Q

Physical findings with schizophrenia

A

Enlarged ventricles

altered orientation of hippocampal pyramidal cells

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66
Q

Substances that can pass BBB:

A

caffeine
alcohol
nicotine
cocaine

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67
Q

Reason for BCAA in sports drinks:

A

compete with Trp in BBB amino acid transporters, preventing Trp into brain
(which would cause tiredness/sleepiness)

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68
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency

phe prevents other large AA’s from entering brain due to higher concentration

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69
Q

Cause of ketone production in liver:

A

decreased Glc -> decrased oxaloacetate
decreased OA -> FA synthesis
increased FA synthesis -> increased acetyl-CoA
Excess acetyl-CoA -> ketone bodies

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70
Q

Production of glutamate in brain:

A

alpha-ketoglutarate (from TCA) to glutamate

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71
Q

Molecules made from glutamate in the brain:

A

GABA

glutathione

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72
Q

Function of glutamine in brain:

A

NH4+ removal

transport of AA’s between brain cells

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73
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

accumulation of sulphatides

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74
Q

Gaucher disease

A

beta-glucosidase defect

glucocereroside accumulation

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75
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

hexoaminidase defect

ganglioside GM2 accumulation

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76
Q

Fabry disease

A

alpha-galactosidase A defect
ceramide trihexoside accumulation
X-linked

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77
Q

Krabbe disease

A

beta-galactosidase defect

galactocerebroside accumulation

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78
Q

Niemann-Pick disease (A,B)

A

sphingomyelinase defect

sphingomyelin accumulation

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79
Q

Niemann-Pick disease (C,D)

A

cholesterol accumulation

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80
Q

Sx of Gaucher disease

A

Hepatosplenomegaly

crumpled tissue paper appearance in Gaucher cells

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81
Q

Sx of Tay-Sachs

A

cherry red spot on macula

blindness/mental retardation

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82
Q

Sx of Fabry disease

A

kidney failure

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83
Q

Sx of Krabbe disease

A

absence of myelin

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84
Q

Types of Gaucher

A

I- nonneuropathic, treatable
II- acute neuropathic, death around 2 y/o
III- subacute neuropathic, juvenile

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85
Q

Sx of B12/Folate deficiency

A

megablastic anemia

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86
Q

Discerning B12 or Folate deficiency

A

B12 would have methylmalonyl-CoA build up and neuropathic deficiencies

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87
Q

Neurotoxicity of ammonia:

A

Gln leaving brain causes decrease glutamate
decreases glutamate for NT production
Gln causes cerebral edema
Gln causes mitochondrial permeability

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88
Q

Hereditary hyperammonia types:

A

I- carbomyl phosphate synthetase I, accumulation of NH4+

II- ornithine transcarbamoylase, accumulation of ornithine/carbomyl phosphate (X-linked)

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89
Q

What forms the lens placode?

A

surface ectoderm

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90
Q

Layers of cornea:

A 
epithelium
Bowman's  membrane (cannot regenerate)
corneal stroma
Descemet's membrane
corneal endothelium
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91
Q

Layers of iris:

A 
posterior pigmented epithelium
anterior pigmented epithelium
myoepithelial cells
smooth muscle
stromal melanocytes
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92
Q

What surrounds the retina?

A

Choroid

Specifically Bruch’s membrane (hyaline)

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93
Q

Ten layers of retina:

A 
retinal pigmented epithelium
photoreceptors of rods/cones
outering limiting membrane
outer nuclear membrane (rods/cones)
outer plexiform layer 
inner nuclear layer (bodies of bipolar cells)
inner plexiform layer 
ganglion cell layer
layer of optic n. fibers
inner limiting membrane
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94
Q

Photosensitive molecule for rods:

A

rhodopsin

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95
Q

Photosensitive molecule for cones:

A

iodopsin

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96
Q

What layer produces cells in the lens?

A

subcapsular epithelium

97
Q

What maintains composition of cornea?

A

Bicarbonate pumps, maintaining H2O levels

98
Q

4 tx types of glaucoma:

A

prostanglandin analogs/cholinergic agonists-> increase outflow
beta-blockers/carbonic anhydrase inhibitors ->decrease secretion

99
Q

Growth of the lens:

A

from inside out

100
Q

Mechanism of cataracts:

A

increase in H2O causes crystallines to fall out of solution

101
Q

Tx for wet macular degeneration:

A

VEGF inhibitor injections

laser tx

102
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors:

A

Meissner’s corpuscle-> tactile impulse (under epidermis)
hair follicle receptor-> tactile impulse
Paccinian corpuscle-> vibration (in subcutaneous)

103
Q

Slowly adapting receptors:

A

Merkel’s disc-> pressure in epidermis

Ruffini’s ending -> pressure

104
Q

Synapses of anterior spinocerebellar tract:

A

lamina V, VII

lateral cerebella vermis

105
Q

Synapses of posterior spinocerebellar tract:

A

lamina V, VII

medial cerebella vermis

106
Q

Synapses of rostral spinocerebellar tract:

A

lamina VII

lateral cerebellar vermis

107
Q

Synapses of cuenocerebellar tract:

A

lateral cuneate nucleus

medial cerebellar vermis

108
Q

Synapses of trigeminocerebellar tract:

A

sup: mesencephalic (pseudounipolar) and cerebellum
inf: spinal trigeminal nucleus and cerebellum

109
Q

Synapses of spinothalamic tract:

A

lamina I, V or II
VPL
cortex

110
Q

Synapses of spinoreticular tract:

A 
lamina II,III
interneurons
reticular formation
intralaminar/post nuclei of thalamusSyn
cortex
111
Q

Synapses of spinocervicothalamic tract:

A

lamina III, IV
lateral cervical nucleus
VPL
cortex

112
Q

Synapsese of anterior trigeminothalamic tract:

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus
VPM
cortex

113
Q

Wallenberg syndrome:

A

lesion of posterior inferior cerebellar artery
area where ALS and ant trigeminothalamic tracts cross
Sx: ipsilateral loss over face
contralateral pain, temp, crude touch on body

114
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome:

A

lesion of 1/2 spinal cord
ipsilateral tactile sensation lost-> post column
contralateral temp/pain lost -> ALS
ipsilateral motor loss

115
Q

Syringomyelia:

A

bilateral loss of pain/temp around and slightly below level

116
Q

Pain inhibition of spinal cord:

A

lamina II/III -> release enkephalin

Post column can also release it

117
Q

Increases elements in CSF:

A

Na+
Mg2+
Cl-

118
Q

Innervation of the cranial vault:

A

Anterior- CN V
Middle- CN V
Posterior- CN X and C1-C3

119
Q

Uncal herniation result:

A

CN III compression

corticospinal and reticular formation compression

120
Q

Pathways crossing via anterior commissure:

A

Anterior spinocerebellar
Spinothalamic
Spinoreticular

121
Q

Pathways crossing via medial lemniscus:

A

posterior columns

spinocervicothalamic

122
Q

Pathway crossing via reticular formation:

A

anterior trigeminothalamic

123
Q

Tissue origin of statoacoustic ganglion:

A

neural crest and surface ectoderm

124
Q

Role of spiral ligament:

A

tether cochlear duct to surrounding cartilage

125
Q

Pharyngeal arch origins of ear bones:

A

malleus, incus -> I

stapes -> II

126
Q

What produces wax in the ear?

A

ceruminous glands

127
Q

Cells types in spiral ganglion:

A

bipolar

myelinated

128
Q

Function of stria vascularis:

A

produce endolymph

located medially to spiral ligament

129
Q

Sound propogation pathway:

A 
tympanic membrane
malleus, incus, stapes
oval window
scala vestibuli/tympani
basilar membrane
organ of corti
hair cell movement-> nerve impulse
130
Q

Organization of sound analysis in cochlea

A

basilar membrane lengthens up the spiral
allows higher frequency detected at bottom
lower frequency detected nearer the top
Called tonotopy

131
Q

Damage above and below cochlear nucleus:

A

Above: bilateral deficiencies
Below: ipsilateral deficiencies

132
Q

Synapses in auditory pathway:

A 
Cochlear nucleus
superior olivary complex
inferior colliculus
MGB
temporal cortex
133
Q

Organization of lateral lemniscus:

A

high frequencies anterior

low frequencies posterior

134
Q

Area passing through from MGB to temporal cortex

A

sublenticular limb of internal capsule

135
Q

Organization of auditory cortex:

A

high frequencies caudal

lower frequencies rostral

136
Q

Middle ear muslces:

A

tensor tympani

stapedius-> decreases 10dB

137
Q

Focal length for humans:

A

17mm (57 diopters)

138
Q

How do you shorten focal length? When would you need to do this?

A

add convex lens

needed with hyperopia (farsightenedness)

139
Q

How do you lengthen focal length? When would you need to do this?

A

add concave lens

needed with myopia (nearsightenedness)

140
Q

Refraction of the eye contribution:

A

mostly cornea

1/3 from lens

141
Q

Action of accommodation:

A 
contract ciliary m.
decrease tension on suspensory ligaments
increase refraction
decrease focal length 
used for near vision
142
Q

Presbyopia:

A

Loss of accommodation with age

143
Q

Function of retinal pigmented layer:

A

absorb excess light
store vitamin A
degrade old photoreceptor discs

144
Q

Cycle of rhodopsin:

A 
cis to trans retinal, dissociates from opsin
retinal to retinol 
taken up in pigmented epithelium
converted back to cis retinal
taken up into photoreceptor cells
145
Q

Retina phototransduction:

A 
light causes rhodopsin to active Gs
Gs turns on PDE which degrades cGMP
Na+ channels close (cGMP keeps them open)
cell hyperpolarizes
NT release stops
146
Q

Types of color blindness:

A

Deuteranopia-> loss of green

Protanopia -> loss of red

147
Q

NT used in retina:

A

glutamate

148
Q

Function of horizontal cells:

A

lateral inhibition

helps with patterns/acuity/contrast

149
Q

Threshold for salty:

A

10mM (NaCl)

150
Q

Threshold for sweet:

A

20mM (sucrose)

151
Q

Threshold for bitter:

A

0.008mM (quinine) or 0.0001 (strychine)

152
Q

Threshold for sour:

A

2mM (citric acid)

153
Q

Types of taste buds:

A

circumvallate (50%)
foliate
fungiform

154
Q

Tests for supertasters:

A

PROP and PTC

have 2x more buds (10,000)

155
Q

Signal transduction for salty taste:

A

Na+ channels

156
Q

Signal transduction for acid/sour taste:

A

H+ sensitive channels

157
Q

Signal transduction for bitter:

A

Gs-> IP3-> Ca2+ channels

158
Q

Signal transduction for sweet:

A

dimerized Gs

159
Q

Signal transduction for AA’s:

A

dimerized Gs -> IP3-> Ca2+ channel

160
Q

Activation with multiple tastes:

A

Taste cells have multiple receptors

Strongest stimulant will be activated

161
Q

Pathway for taste:

A 
taste cell
sensory neuron
solitary tract
VPM
insula
Stays ipsilateral
162
Q

Parts of olfactory membrane:

A

bipolar receptor neuron
basal cells (make more receptors)
Bowman’s glands (mucous production)

163
Q

Receptors on olfactory cells:

A

only 1 receptor type

multiple odorants can activate the 1 receptor type

164
Q

Signal transduction for odorants:

A

Gs ->
cAMP ->
Ca2+/Na+ cotransporter

165
Q

Olfactory bulb cells/function: (5)

A 
glomerular-sort smells
mitral-project to cortex
tufted-refines glomerular synapse
periglomerular-refine glomerular synapse
granule-inhibitory from CNS/tufted cells
166
Q

Special visceral afferents:

A

taste and olfaction

167
Q

Special somatic afferents:

A

balance/hearing and vision

168
Q

Special somatic efferents:

A

CN VIII hair cells

169
Q

Nuclei/function of CN V:

A

mesencephalic-proprioception
principle sensory-touch/pressure
spinal trigeminal-pain/temp

170
Q

Muscles innv. by CN V

A 
m. of mastication
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini
mylohyoid
ant belly of digastric
171
Q

Input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus:

A

CN V
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

172
Q

Muscles innv. by CN VII:

A

facial m.
stapedius
stylohyoid
post belly of digastric

173
Q

Role of solitary nucleus:

A

taste

174
Q

GVE of CN IX/nucleus:

A

parotid gland through inf salivatory nucleus

175
Q

GVE of CN VII/nucleus

A

submandibular glands through sup salivatory nucleus

176
Q

Muscle innv by CN IX:

A

stylopharyngeus via nucleus ambiguous

177
Q

Function of dorsal vagal nucleus:

A

parasympathetics to viscera

178
Q

Medial medullary syndrome:

A

CN XII lesioned -> ipsilateral tongue deviation
medial lemniscus ->loss of discriminative touch/vibration and proprioception
Caused by occlusion of anterior spinal artery

179
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome:

A

ALS lesioned -> contralateral pain/temp, crude touch
nucleus ambiguus-> no cough/gag reflex
Caused by posterior inferior cerebellar artery or vertebral a. infarct

180
Q

Medial pontine syndrome:

A

CN VI ->ipsilateral eye abduction lost
contralateral touch/vib and proprioception lost
Caused by occlusion of paramedian branch of basilar artery

181
Q

Lateral pontine syndrome:

A

CN VII motor -> facial weakness
salivatory nucleus -> dry eyes/mouth/nose
contralateral pain/temp and crude touch lost
Caused by anterior inferior cerebellar a.

182
Q

When in glutamate released in the retina?

A

When there is no light stimulation (in the dark)

183
Q

Purpose of Off/On Centers in retina:

A

creates contrast/edges in retina

184
Q

Mechanism of rods/cones in dark:

A

Na+/Ca2+ channels opened by cAMP

cell is depolarized and releasing glutamate

185
Q

Mechansim of rods/cones in light:

A

cAMP degrade by PDE
Na+/Ca2+ channels close
cell hyperpolarizes and glutamate not released

186
Q

What do On-center cells do?

A

See light in a dark field

187
Q

What do Off-center cells do?

A

See dark in a light field

188
Q

Action of horizontal cells:

A

excitatory on surrounding rods/cones via GABA

189
Q

Result of aneurysm of opthalmic artery:

A

loss of vision in one eye

190
Q

Result of pituitary tumor:

A

tunnel vision

nasal retina axons impinged (posteromedial OX)

191
Q

Result of aneurysm of anterior cerebral artery lateral to OX:

A

loss of vision on ipsilateral side with 1/2 of contralateral side loss

192
Q

M and P in LGB:

A

M-from rods, large axons

P-from cones, small axons

193
Q

Result of infarct of anterior choroidal artery:

A

loss of contralateral lateral field of vision

194
Q

Retinotopy of LGB:

A

ipsilateral side- 2,3 and 5

contralateral side- 1,4 and 6

195
Q

M and P layers:

A

M- 1,2 (black and white)

P- 3-6 (color)

196
Q

Pathway for pupillary reflex:

A

CN II
pretectal area
EWN
CN III

197
Q

Pathway for eye tracking:

A

CN II
SC
pulvinar/LP nuclei of thalamus
parietal/frontal cortex

198
Q

Meyer’s Loop:

A

inf pathway
from ventrolateral LGB
carries upper field of vision

199
Q

Baum’s Loop:

A

sup pathway
from dorsomedial LGB
carries lower field of vision

200
Q

Lesion of Meyer’s Loop:

A

superior homonymous quadrantanopia

201
Q

Lesion of Baum’s Loop:

A

inferior homonymous quadrantanopia

202
Q

Location for central (macular) vision in cortex:

A

posterior occipital lobe

203
Q

Location for peripheral vision in cortex:

A

anterior occipital lobe

204
Q

What is stria of Gennari:

A

extra band of white matter in visual cortex

205
Q

Result of infarct of posterior cerebral artery:

A

macular sparing/circular tunnel vision

middle cerebral artery sometimes supplies post occipital lobe

206
Q

Ocular dominance structure:

A 
for stereovision (3D static)
cells responding to different angles of light
207
Q

Result of damage to areas 18, 20 or 21 in occipital lobe:

A

agnosia (cannot recognize things)

208
Q

Visual impact on circadian rhythm:

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus via the retinohypothalamic tract

209
Q

4 maps of superior colliculus:

A

visual space
body surface
auditory space
motor map

210
Q

Meniere’s disease:

A

excess fluid/pressure in inner ear

causes hearing/balance defects

211
Q

Function of cristae ampullaris:

A

detect angular/rotational motion

212
Q

Kinocilium mechanism:

A

cilia pushed toward kinocilium->depolarization
cilia away from kinocilium ->hyperpolarization
Opens or closes Na+ channels

213
Q

Spontaneous firing of vestibular cells:

A

100 spikes/s

allows deviation in either direction

214
Q

Movement detection of utricle macula:

A

rotation

215
Q

Movement detection of saccule macula:

A

nodding motion

216
Q

Positioning of 3 semicircular canals:

A

horizontal
Anteriorly rotated 45 degrees
Posteriorly rotated 45 degrees
All at 90 degrees of each other

217
Q

Activation of horizontal cristae ampullaris turning the head left:

A

Fluid stays in same place
Left cristae ampullaris pulls toward kinocilium ->depolarization
Right cristae ampullaris pulls away-> hyperpolarization

218
Q

Outputs of vestibular nuclei: (4)

A

lateral vestibulospinal (balance)
medial longitudinal fasciculus (eyes)
VL/VP of thalamus to cortex
cerebellum

219
Q

Synapses of vestibulospinal tracts:

A

interneurons of lamina VII and VIII

220
Q

Nystagmus:

A

named from direction of fast movement

221
Q

Caloric test:

A

Cold water->opposite side nystagmus

Warm water-> same side nystagmus

222
Q

Cause of vertical nystagmus

A

Central lesion

223
Q

Threshold of feeling:

A

about 130dB

dB at which vibrations can be felt

224
Q

Impedance matching:

A

air/fluid waves converted efficiency

best between 300-3000Hz

225
Q

Electrochemical gradient between endolymph and hair cells:

A

150mV, allows for higher sensitivity to frequencies

226
Q

Hair cell stimulation:

A 
basilar membrane displacement
K+ from endolymph enters cell
Ca+2 enters via voltage gated channels
glutamate released
Ca2+ dependent K+ channels repolarize cell
227
Q

Coding of frequencies below 200Hz:

A

by cochlear nuclei

228
Q

Sound localization nucleus:

A

superior olivary complex

229
Q

Interaural timing disparities:

A

for large sound waves
interpret difference in time it takes to hit each ear
No interference from head

230
Q

Interaural intensity disparities:

A

for small sound waves
interpret difference in intensity between each ear
Interference from head decreases intensity

231
Q

Weber Test for hearing:

A

tuning fork on head

ear that sounds louder has air conduction loss

232
Q

Rinne test for hearing:

A

tuning fork on mastoid process
once vibration stops, move in front of ear
should be able to hear
if not -> air conduction loss

233
Q

Result of vestibular schwannoma:

A

Affects on CN VII and VIII

234
Q

Loss of posterior column:

A

loss of discriminative touch, vibration, motion sense, and position sense
Often caused by neurosyphilis

235
Q

Damage to ipsilateral thalamus:

A

Contralateral somatosensory loss

236
Q

Result of normal pressure hydrocephalus:

A

urinary incontinence
memory defects
trouble walking

237
Q

Small central cord lesion:

A

pain/temp bilaterally lost at level

238
Q

Large central cord lesion:

A

total sensory loss below, sparing genitals

239
Q

Cause of post cord syndrome:

A

Neurosyphilis

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