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Undeleted > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Low folic acid intake

elevated alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase in amionotic fluid

A

neural tube defect

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2
Q

Matermnal diabetes type I

Polyhydramnios

A

anencephaly

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3
Q

Herniation of cerebellar tonsil and vermian through foramen magnum
aqueductal stenosis/hydrocephalus

A

Arnold Chiari malformation (Chiari II)

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4
Q

Enlargement of 4th ventricle with agenesis of cerebellum

A

Dandy-Walker

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5
Q

Cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord

damaged crossing spinothalamic tracts (loss of pain/temp on upper extremities)

A

Syringomyelia

assc with Chiari I malformation

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6
Q

degeneration of distal axon with retraction proximally

A

Wallerian degeneration

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7
Q

Cell type has GFAP

A

astrocyte

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8
Q

Pain and temp fibers, C and A(delta)

A

free nerve endings

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9
Q

Fine/light touch and position sense fibers

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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10
Q

Vibration/pressure fibers

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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11
Q

Pressure/deep static touch/position sense fibers

A

Merkel’s disc

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12
Q

Stress/panic center of brain

A

locus ceruleus

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13
Q

Reward/pleasure center of brain

A

nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus

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14
Q

Production and release of ADH and oxytocin

A

made by hypothalamus

released by post pituitary

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15
Q

Hunger center of brain

A

lateral hypothalamus

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16
Q

Satiety center of brain

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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17
Q

Sympathetic center of brain

A

post hypothalamus

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18
Q

Parasympathetic center of brain

A

ant hypothalamus

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19
Q 
Lewy bodies (with alpha synuclein inclusions)
loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta
A

Parkinson’s disease

sx of tremor, cogwheel rigidity/akinesia

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20
Q

trinucleotide repeat AD disorder
neuronal death via glutamate toxicity
atrophy of striatal nuclei

A

Huntington’s disease
see chorea/athetosis
CAG expansion repeat

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21
Q

Hyperorality
hypersexuality
disinhibited behavior

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome
lesion of amygdala
assc with HSV-1

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22
Q

confusion/memory loss (ant and retrograde)
ataxia
confabulation

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

assc with B1 (thiamine) deficiency and EtOH use

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23
Q

Can follow rapid infusion correcting hyponatremia

A

central pontine myelinolysis

“Locked out syndrome”

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24
Q

Understand speech but cannot speak

A

Broca’s area affecdted (frontal lobe)

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25
Q

Can speak but cannot understand

A

Wernicke’s area affected (temporal lobe)

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26
Q

Cannot repeat phrases but is fluent and can understand

A

Arcuate fasciulus area affected (connecting Broca and Wernicke)

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27
Q

Hyperventilation on brain

A

decreases ICP by decreasing PCO2 levels

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28
Q

Hemiparesis/hemiplegia on the R side

A

internal capsule/striatum infarct of L side

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29
Q

L hemiparesis of lower limbs and proprioception

R sided tongue deviation

A

Medial medullary syndrome on R side

paramedian branches of ASA/vertebral artery infarct

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30
Q

Nystagmus/vertigo
decreased pain/temp on face
dysphagia/hoarseness
Horner’s syndrome (ipsilateral)

A

Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenbergs)

nucelus ambiguus affected by PICA infarct

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31
Q 
Vertigo/nystagmus
paraylsis of face
decreased parasympathetics
loss of ant taste on tongue
decreased pain/temp on face
A

Lateral pontine syndrome

facial nucleus affected by AICA infarct

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32
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

assc with Ehlers-Danlos/Marfans/ADPKD

A

Berry aneurysm at Circle of Willis Bifurcation

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33
Q

Middle meningeal artery
convex hemorrhage
from trauma

A

epidural hematoma

cannot cross suture lines

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34
Q

Bridging veins torn
slow bleed
crescent shaped on CT

A

subdural hematoma

can cross suture lines

35
Q

Sign of irreversible damage of brain from ischemia

A

red neurons

36
Q

Urinary incontinence
ataxia
cognitive dysfunction

A

normal pressure hydrocephalus

Wet, wobbly, wacky

37
Q

Tract for crude touch and pressure

A

ant spinothalamic tract (cervical medial,sacral lat)

38
Q

Tract for voluntary motor

A

lateral corticospinal tract (upper extremities med, lower lat)

39
Q

Tract for pain and temp

A

lateral spinothalamic tract

40
Q

Tracts for upper and lower body extremities

A 
fasciculus cuneatus (upper/lat position)
fasciculus gracilis (lower body/med position)
41
Q

Ascends ipsilateral cord, crosses at medulla, then goes to medial lemniscus

A

dorsal column

42
Q

Ascends contralaterall cord, crosses at ant white commissure

A

spinothalamic tract

43
Q

Descends and crosses at caudal medulla then goes contralateral down

A

lateral corticospinal tract

44
Q

Flaccid paralysis

destruction of ant horn

A

Wernig-Hoffman disease/poliomyelitis

LMN lesion only

45
Q

No motor loss
superoxide dismutase I defect
atrophy of muscle

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
UMN and LMN lesions
aka Lou Gehrigs disease

46
Q

tertiary syphilis caused

demyelination of dorsal columns/roots

A

Tabes dorsalis

assc with Charcot’s joints/Argyll Robertson pupil

47
Q

Demyelination of dorsal columns/lat corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts

A

Vit B12 or Vit E deficiency

48
Q

AR trinucleotide repeat
impairment of mitochondria
staggering gait/falling

A

Friedreich’s ataxia
frataxin gene
GAA repeat

49
Q

loss of tactile/vibration/proprioception ipsilaterally
contralateral pain/temp loss
ipsilateral LMN and UMN signs

A

Brown sequard syndrome

hemisection of spinal cord

50
Q

Ptosis
anhidrosis of the face
miosis

A

Horner’s syndrome

assc with Pancoast tumor

51
Q

Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze

A

Parinaud syndrome

superior colliculi lesion

52
Q

Pharynx/larynx upper esophagus motor center

A

nucleus ambiguus

53
Q

parasympathetic autonomic center

A

dorsal motor nucleus

54
Q

Holes of CN V

A

V1-super orbital fissure
V2-foramen rotundum
V3-foramen ovale

55
Q

Nerves within cavernous sinus

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V1, V2
CN VI

56
Q

Lack of afferent pupil reflex

A

Marcus Gunn pupil

optic nerve damage or retinal detachment

57
Q

Inability to coordinate both eyes to the L (R eye stays straight), but can to the R

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome
b/t CN VI and CN III nuclei on the R side
cannot abduct R eye

58
Q

ApoE4 (19) gene assc
cortical atrophy
decreased ACh

A

late onset Alzheimer’s

59
Q

Parietal lobe/post temporal lobe normal

dementia/aphasia/parkinsonian

A 
Pick's disease (frontotemporal dementia)
Pick bodies (tau proteins)
60
Q

alpha-synuclein defect

dementia

A

Lewy body dementia

61
Q

optic neuritis
bladder/bowel incontinence
relapsing sx
periventricular plaques

A

Multiple sclerosis
dx is oligoclonal bands
tx with beta-interferon

62
Q

Muscle weakness starting at legs
papilledema
recent infection

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome
ascending paralysis
assc with CMV and campylobacter jejuni (molecular mimicry)

63
Q

Destruction of oligodendroctyes

in AIDS pts

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

assc with JC virus

64
Q

buildup of sulfatides
impaired myelin sheath production
AR disease

A

metachromatic leukodystrophy

arylsulfatase A deficiency

65
Q

AR disease
buildup of galactocerebroside
destroys myelin sheath

A

Krabbe’s disease

66
Q

Headache for about 1 hr with repetitive cycles

unilateral around the eye

A

cluster headached

tx with sumatriptan

67
Q

Headache around 5 hrs that is constant
no photophobia
bilateral

A

Tension headache

68
Q

Headache over 5 hrs
pulsating pain
aura

A

Migraine headache
tx with triptans
prophylaxis with propanolol/topriamate

69
Q

Port-wine stain on face
increased epinephrine in serum
leptomeningeal angiomas

A

Sturge Weber syndrome
nevus flammeus/angiomas/pheochromocytoma
Small vessel involvement

70
Q

Hamartomas of CNS and skin
ash-leaf spots on skin
AD disease

A

Tuberous sclerosis

cardiac rhabdomyoma/angiomyolipomas

71
Q

Pigmented iris
Cafe-au-lait spots/skin papules
AD disease

A 
Neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen)
Lisch nodules (pigmented iris)/neurofibromas on skin/pheochromocytoma
NF1 gene on chromosome 17
72
Q

Cavernous hemangioma on skin
problem with eyesight
renal problems

A

Von Hippel-Lindau disease
cavernous hemangiomas/hemangioblastoma of retina, brain and cerebellum
VHL gene on chromosome 3 (tumor suppressor) mutated

73
Q

CT with lesion crossing corpus callosum

A

glioblastoma multiforme

astrocytome (stains GFAP)

74
Q

Growth in frontal lobes with fried egg cell appearance

A

oligodendroglioma

75
Q

Bilateral hemianopia

lactation started recently

A

pituitary adenoma

pressure on optic chiasm

76
Q

CT shows tumor of cerebellum compressing 4th ventricle

hydrocephalus seen

A

medulloblastoma
highly malignant
Homer-Wright rosettes
radiosensitive

77
Q

Rathke’s pouch remnant
calcifications seen
benign

A

craniopharyngioma

78
Q

Tx for emergency glaucoma

A

pilocarpine

79
Q

Drug not to use with closed angle glaucoma

A 
epinephrine (beta agonists)
causes mydriasis (closes angle more)
80
Q

Tx for opioid overdose

A

naloxone or naltrexone

acts as opioid antagonist

81
Q

Tx for absence seizures

A

ethosuximide (blocks T type Ca2+ channels)

82
Q

Tx for simple or complex seizures

A

carbamazepine (increased Na+ inactivation)

83
Q

Tx for overdose of benzodiazepines

A

flumazenil (GABA antagonist)

84
Q

Tx for malignant hyperthermia

A

dantrolene (prevents Ca2+ release from SER)

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