reduction of aldehydes and ketons

Question 1

thWhat wil aldehydes be reduced to?

Answer 1

= primary alcohols

Question 2

What are ketones reduced to?

Answer 2

= secondary alcohols

Question 3

What is reduction?

Answer 3

= gaining electrons
=gaining hydrogen
= removal of oxygen

Question 4

What is the reagant?

Answer 4

= NaBH4
= aqueous ethanol
= contains :H^- hydride ions, attracted to carbon in C=O bond
*remember nucleophiles are attracted to partial positive carbons

Question 5

What are the conditions?

Answer 5

= room temperature and room pressure

Question 6

What is the reducing agent?

Answer 6

2[H]

Question 7

What is the mechanism?

Answer 7

= the hydride ion is attracted to the partial positive carbon in the C=O bond, this forms a covalent bond, breaking the double bond with both electrons going to oxygen, forms a oxygen with lone pairs of electrons and negative bond
= this is attracted to a H+ ion from water or acid catalust, and forms a covalent bond

Question 8

How else can carbonyls be reduced?

Answer 8

= using catalytic hydrogenation
= reagant: hydrogen, and nickel catalyst
= conditio; high pressure