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Chemistryyy > Physics definitions > Flashcards

Physics definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is displacement

A

A measure of the distance but also with a direction

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2
Q

What is mass?

A

A measure of how much matter makes up an object

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3
Q

What is weight?

A

The force of gravity pulling an object towards the centre of the planet

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4
Q

What is mass measured in

A

Kg

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5
Q

What are newtons measured in

A

N

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6
Q

What is the rule for the extension of a spring

A

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded

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7
Q

What does the spring constant tell u

A

How much force is needed to extend a spring by 1 m

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8
Q

The higher the spring the constant the stiffer the spring, true or false

A

True

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9
Q

8 types of energy

A

Nucleur
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Kinetic
Elastic
Gravitational potential
Chemical
Vibration

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10
Q

Energy cannot be ? or ?, it can only be ? between different energy stores

A

Created, destroyed, transferred

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11
Q

Energy can move between energy stores by which 4 different pathways

A

Mechanical working (force)
Electrical working (circuits)
Heating ( by particles) - conduction and convection
Radiation (light and infrared)

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12
Q

What is work done?

A

The measure of how much energy is transferred by mechanical working

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13
Q

What is power

A

The rate at which work is done/ energy is transferred

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14
Q

What is current determined by?

A

The potential difference across components and the resistance o f the components

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15
Q

The larger the potential difference the ? The current

A

Higher

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16
Q

The higher the resistance the ? the current

A

Lower

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17
Q

What are vector quantities

A

Quantities that have magnitude and direction

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18
Q

What is velocity

A

Speed in a given direction

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19
Q

In a distance time graph what does a flat horizontal line mean

A

The object is stationary

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20
Q

In a distance time graph what does a sloping up or sloping down line mean

A

It means ig is accelerating or decelerating

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21
Q

What does a straight line upwards or downwards mean?

A

It means the object is moving at a constant speed

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22
Q

In a velocity time graph what does a straight horizontal line mean?

A

It means the object is moving at a constant speed

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23
Q

In a velocity time graph what does a straight line upwards or downwards mean?

A

It means the object is accelerating or decelerating

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24
Q

What is acceleration

A

The rate of change of velocity

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25
Q

Why can the big wherl move at a steady speed and the capsules accelerate at the same times

A

Because acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and velocity can change not only with speed but also with direction so the capsule can be found at a steady speed but going round changing direction so it is accelerating.

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26
Q

What are the two equations for frequency?

A

f = v / wavelength
or
f = 1/T

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27
Q

Word and formula equation for force

A

Force = mass * acceleration
F =ma

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28
Q

Weight equation

A

Weight = mass * gravitational field strength
W =mg

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29
Q

Work done equation

A

Work done = force * distance moves
W = Fs

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30
Q

acceleration equation

A

final velocity - initial velocity / time
(v-u)/t

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31
Q

equation for final velocity squared

A

Final velocity squared = initial velocity squared + 2* acceleration* displacement
v^2 = u^2 + 2as

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32
Q

kinetic energy equation

A

kinetic energy = 1/2 *mass * velocity squared
Ek=1/2 mv^2

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33
Q

Elastic potential energy equation.

A

elastic potential energy = 1/2 * spring constant * extension squared
Ee = 1/2k(esquared)

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34
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

Gravitational potential energy = mass * gravitational field strength * height
Gpe = mgh

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35
Q

Power two equations :

A

Power = energy transferred/ time or
Power = work done/ time :
P =E/t
P=w/t

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36
Q

Force equation

A

Force = spring constant * extension,
F =Ke

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37
Q

density equation

A

density = mass/volume
D = m/v

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38
Q

Pressure equation

A

Pressure = force/area
P = F/A

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39
Q

pressure in fluids

A

pressure = density *gravitational field strength * depth
P = Dgh

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40
Q

what does Newton’s second law state?

A

the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on an object

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41
Q

what is the resultant force of an object?

A

the overall force acting on an object

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42
Q

what does newtons firsy law state

A

if the forces acting on an object are balanced it will move at a constant velocity

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43
Q

what is the equation for stopping distance

A

stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance

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44
Q

when free falling with a weight of 1600N, what is the air resistance after 0 seconds?

A

0, as there is zero velocity so maximum downwards acceleration

45
Q

when free falling with a weight of 1600N, what happens to the air resistance as the sky diver continued to fall through the air

A

the air resistance increased and so does the velocity till about 30 seconds

46
Q

what happens at 30 seconds with the skydiver when the velocity stops increasing?

A

the skydiver reaches terminal velocity - where the forces are balanced and is the maximum possible velocity

47
Q

when opening a parachute what happens to the air resistance and weight

A

the air resistance is greater than the weight - greater upwards force, so the person decelerates

48
Q

what happens after the person has firsy opened the parachute?

A

the air resistance decreases

49
Q

what factors affect braking distance

A

condition of brakes, icy and wet roads, tyre wear and the mass of a vehicle

50
Q

what factors affect thinking distance?

A

alcohol, drugs tiredness, distractions - phones satnavs, people

51
Q

what 4 things are key contributors to car safety?

A

airbags - absorb kinetic energy of the driver, and increased SA for the collision between the car and the driver, seatbelts - absorbs momentum of driver and stops them falling out of windows etc,
crumple zones - cars are designed to crumple on impact therefore protecting people in cars, energy is absorbed,
safety glass - designed to shatter on impact but with larger, less harmful shards

52
Q

what’s the braking distance

A

distance taken to stop under the braking force

53
Q

thinking distance?

A

how far the car travels from driver seeing hazard and pressing brakes

54
Q

what equation goes with Newton’s second law?

A

F=ma

55
Q

how to find the distance from a speed/time graph -

A

calculate the area under the graph

56
Q

what is acceleration

A

the rate of change of velocity

57
Q

what is pressure measured in?

A

Pa - pascals

58
Q

Solids are tightly ? - compact, vibrate about a fixed ?, have a regular arrangement normally a ?, and have low ?

A

packed, position, lattice, energy

59
Q

liquids are close ?, have an ? arrangement, can move past each other to ? the shape of the container,have more ? and can move in different ? at alow speed

A

togther, irregular, take, energy, directions

60
Q

gases particles are far ? with almost no forces of ? between particles, are free to move in different ? at high speed and have high ?

A

apart, attraction, directions, energy

61
Q

how is atmospheric pressure created?

A

on a surface by air molecules colliding with the surface

62
Q

Balloons in a vacuum!! what is the pressure like in the vacuum before it is turned on?

A

there is an equal amount of pressure inside and outside, and it is equally pushing from outside and inside as Newton’s third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction

63
Q

what happens after the vacuum has been turned on?

A

there is less pressure outside, More pressure inside which makes the balloon expand

64
Q

water boiling in a vacuum - what happens before when there is still air?

A

there is an equal amount of pressure from the air pushing down and the water pushing up so water stays as normal

65
Q

what happens when air has been removed in the water boiling in a vacuum experiment?

A

there is less pressure from air since it’s been removed so more pressure from water pushing up and so water starts to boil

66
Q

what is Boyled law?

A

as the pressure of a substance increases the volume decreases

67
Q

what is internal energy?

A

the sum of all of the kinetic energies and the potential energies of all particles

68
Q

how can the internal energy be increased?

A

by increasing the temperature, or by doing work to the system

69
Q

what is boyles law in equations?

A

at constant temp p*v is always constant - the same

70
Q

what does 0K mean?

A

it means the particles at this temp have close to zero internal energy

71
Q

what is the definition of specific heat capacity and what is it measured in?

A

it is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree, and is measured in J/kg *c

72
Q

what is the equation for specific heat capacity

A

E = mc*change in T

73
Q

what is specific latent heat?

A

the energy required to change 1kg of a substance from one state to another without changing the temperature

74
Q

what are the two types of specific latent heat and what are they used for?

A

specific latent heat of fusion is energy to melt/ freeze,
and specific latent heat of vaporisation is energy to boil/condense

75
Q

what is the equation for specific latent heat?

A

E=ml

76
Q

what is a wave?

A

an oscillation that moves through a medium

77
Q

what is a medium?

A

any type of solid, liquid or gas that has matter

78
Q

what does a wave transfer? (and what does it NOT?)

A

it transfers energy, but NOT matter

79
Q

in a transverse wave what direction are the oscillations compared to the direction of the wave?

A

the oscillations of the particles are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer of the wave

80
Q

in a longitudinal wave what direction are the oscillations compared to the direction of the wave?

A

the oscillations of the particles are parallel to the direction of the energy wave transfer

81
Q

what two things do longitudinal waves have?

A

compressions and rarefactions

82
Q

on a transverse wave what is the peak?

A

the top of the wave

83
Q

on a transverse wave what is the amplitude?

A

the distance from the equilibrium to peak - max displacement

84
Q

on a transverse wave what is the trough?

A

the bottom of the wave

85
Q

on a transverse wave what is the equilibrium?

A

a small dashed line in the middle of a wave

86
Q

what is a ‘p’ wave’s characteristics?

A

it is longitudinal, so travels a lot faster and can go through liquids and solids!!

87
Q

what are the characteristics of an ‘s’ wave?

A

it is transverse, a lot slower and can only go through solids

88
Q

what can seismic waves do?

A

be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted/refracted and can also change direction

89
Q

what are seismic waves used to prove?

A

the difference in structure and matter of the earths core

90
Q

if an object travels from a less dense medium to a more dense medium, eg from air to glass what happens to the angle of refraction? does it bend towards or away from the normal?

A

closer because it is moving faster through the medium

91
Q

if an object travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium, eg from water to air what happens to the angle of refraction? does it bend towards or away from the normal

A

it bends away from the normal as it is moving faster

92
Q

what are the characteristics of a concave lens?

A

it only produces a virtual image, is wider at the top and thinner at the middle, is a diverging lens and normally makes the image smaller

93
Q

what are the characteristics of a convex lens?

A

can be both virtual and real, so can be projected onto a screen, light is focused in whereas in a concave lens light is reflected out.

94
Q

in a convex lens what are the characteristics of real images?

A

they are inverted and if they are drawn before 2F are larger and if they are drawn on 2F are the same size and if they are drawn after 2F they are smaller

95
Q

what is a real image and what can be done with one?

A

it is when light rays come together to form an image and it can be projected onto a screen

96
Q

what is a virtual image

A

an image where the light rays do not come togther where the image appears to be

97
Q

what is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = image height / actual object height

98
Q

what is a focal point?

A

the area of focus

99
Q

what is a centre ray?

A

a ray that passes through the centre of the lens and continues with no change in direction

100
Q

if someone stands 170m from a cliff and shouts, and head a echo how long will it take for him to hear it given the speed of sound in air is 340m/s

A

1 second as it will have to travel 340 meters there and back to them

101
Q

what is the speed of sound in air?

A

330-340m/s! x

102
Q

in a closed system the total ? put into the system is equal to the total energy?, this is known as the law of ? of energy

A

energy, output, conservation

103
Q

only some of the energy ? is useful, and so the rest of the energy is ? as thermal ?

A

output, dissipated, energy

104
Q

Energy is dissipated in all ? changes, and that is stored in less ? ways. friction can result in energy being ? to the ? store of energy of an object, however friction can be reduced with ?

A

system, useful, dissipated, thermal, lubrication

105
Q

how can thermal energy also be dissipated? and how can this be reduced?

A

to the surroundings, can be reduced by use of thermal insulation

106
Q

TWO differences between sound and EM waves?

A

sound waves are longitudinal, whereas EM waves are transverse
sound waves CANNOT move through space as it is a vacuum and not a medium whereas EM waves can!!

107
Q

what is ultrasound and how does it work?

A

it’s a form of high frequency sound waves that are used to create images between two boundaries and project them (after refracting the image) onto a screen to be seen, these are normally used to scan a baby or foetus

108
Q

what is ultrasound used to look at and x rays- compare?

A

ultrasound is used to look at soft tissues, whereas x rays are used to look at bones. ultrasound is used in babies as x rays are also too dangerous because they are ionising radiation.

Chemistryyy (40 decks)

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