Classification Of Organisms (NOT IN MOCK!!!)

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

The grouping of organisms according to differences and similarities in their structure

Question 2

What is the order of the classification system and how to remember???

Answer 2

King Phylip Came Over For Good Salad
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species

Question 3

What is the binomial system - positives and give an example?

Answer 3

It is the name of the genus and species of an organism - written in Latin so anyone anywhere in the world would understand which animal someone was referring to, eg Homo sapiens - in italics - with the genus capitalised and the species in lowercase

Question 4

what are the 5 kingdoms and who came up with them?

Answer 4

Linnaeus - Animal, plant, fungi, protist and prokaryote

Question 5

What did Linnaeus classify organisms by?

Answer 5

Observable traits

Question 6

What did Woese classify organisms by?

Answer 6

DNA, genetics and sun cellular evidence

Question 7

how did Woes’ 3 domains classify the 5 kingdoms

Answer 7

The first 4 became 1 domain - Eukaryote
The last one became 2 domains - Archaea and bacteria

Question 8

why did Woes separate Prokaryote into two different domains?
1. ribosomes are similar in ? and structure between then, but since the ? acid in archaea are closer to ? they cannot be grouped with bacteria in ?
2. as well as this, archaea ? did not ? like anything we’d ever seen before in ? so it must be grouped alone

Answer 8

1. shape, nucleic, eukaryotes, prokaryotes
2. DNA, look, biology

Question 9

3 different ways fossils can be formed?

Answer 9

• when parts of an organism is replaced by minerals/they decay
• parts of organisms that haven’t decayed as one or more conditions needed for decay are absent
• preserved traces of organisms eg footprints

Question 10

How is a fossil formed by decay?
1. Organism dies and ? to the bottom of the ?
2. ? becomes covered in ?. soft parts of ? decay but ? parts like bone don’t
3. More sediment ? on top of remains - ? is compressed and as more ? are added, minerals replace the ? - hardening and preserving ?. the surrounding ? turns to rock
4. fossil is distinct from ? rock and is eventually ? via weathering, construction or natural ?

Answer 10

sinks, water
organism, sediment, body, hard
settles, sediment, layers, bone, it, sediment
surrounding, exposed, disasters

Question 11

Examples of fossils forming from parts of organisms that haven’t decayed?!

Answer 11

• volcanic ash can cover a tree branch and prevents it from decaying
• whole insects/ parts of plants become trapped in resin or tree sap. this has to fall into winter and become covered in sediment
• peat bags are too acidic for decay or organic tissue
• organisms preserved in ice (permafrost)

Question 12

How are preserved traces of organisms made?

Answer 12

Impressions are left in soft sediment, as sediment hardens over time, the impression becomes fixed

Question 13

5 reasons for the fossil record being incomplete?

Answer 13

• haven’t been found yet, as it’s hard to reach like underground
• conditions must be just right for fossils to form (little/no oxygen)
• geological activity can destroy/ damage fossils
• fossils may have been misidentified and can’t be studied
• early life forms were entirely soft bodies so not hard body parts

Question 14

As we descend through rock what can we see?!

Answer 14

How species changed over time

Question 15

What does it suggest if near identical fossil exists in multiple geological layers?

Answer 15

It didn’t have to evolve much to survive, so it’s well adapted to it’s environment

Question 16

What does it suggest if each geological layer shows slightly different features?

Answer 16

The species has evolved over time - it went through natural selection, and adapted to its environment

Question 17

What does it suggest if a species ceases to exists completely?

Answer 17

Something drastic happened to make it go extinct

Question 18

In species evolved from natural selection how can we see how the ancestral species evolved into the modern species?

Answer 18

By comparing their different anatomies

Question 19

Which fossil record is incredibly complete and what does it show?

Answer 19

The horse - shows us the slow successive appearance of new species that led to the modern horse. For example - changes in hoof structure shows change in terrain, and changes in tooth shape show change in diet

Question 20

When does extinction occur?

Answer 20

Occurs when there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive

Question 21

8 reasons for extinction

Answer 21

• illegal wildlife trade
• overfishing
• exponential population growth
• climate change
• overconsumption
• pollution
• destruction of habitats
• invasive/alien species

Question 22

Amur leopard case study - why is it going extinct?

Answer 22

• unsustainable logging
• forest fires
• road building
• farming
• industrial development
• hunting

Question 23

What does WWF work to do to protect the Amur Leopard?

Answer 23

• stop poaching and illegal trade of them and their parts
• monitor their population and habitat
• increased protected land in Russia and China
• reduce illegal logging
• support responsible forestry practices
• increase population of leopard prey

Question 24

Gene therapy steps
- A normal ? is cut out of a healthy ?
- many ? are made
- the ‘?’ allele is inserted into the ? of a person with a ? disorder
- enzymes are used to cause the ? cells to take up the ? allele which should then start ? the normal ?

Answer 24

allele, cell
copied
normal, cell, genetic
patient’s, normal, expressing, protein

Question 25

Issues with gene therapy?

Answer 25

Expensive Would need to be done in every relevant cell Needs to be repeated when cells die Creates stigma around some diseases Risk of rejection/surgery risk

Question 26

4 main reasons for animal cloning

Answer 26

- desired characteristics - economic - save endangered species - issue of all being susceptible to a disease - research - emotional reasons

Question 27

how is sperm and eggs selected and chosen in an embryo transplant

Answer 27

- sperm is taken from a bull with desired characteristics (eg if it’s high milk yield its female relatives should produce lots) - cow is given FSH and LH to make it produce lots of eggs

Question 28

Last 5 steps of embryo transplant - cow is ? inseminated with ? - zygotes develop into ? in cow and are then ? from cow - this cell division is via ? - embryos are ? into several ? embryos each of which can grow into a ? calf - embryos are placed in the ? of foster ? - many ? cows implanted to reduce multiple ? risk

Answer 28

artificially, sperm embryos, removed mitosis split, smaller, new uteruses, mothers surrogate, birth

Question 29

adult cell cloning - what does sheep a start with

Answer 29

an adult udder cell’s and then the adult udder cell’s nucleus is removed

Question 30

adult cell cloning - what does sheep b start with

Answer 30

a mature ovum which then develops into an empty ovum

Question 31

why is an egg cell used for adult cell clonig

Answer 31

can divide very quickly. also, nucleus of egg cell isn’t used as its haploid

Question 32

what does the mild electric shock in adult cell cloning do?

Answer 32

gives energy to fuse together

Question 33

what 3 steps happen after the electric shock in adult cell cloning

Answer 33

- nucleus from sheep a fuses with empty egg from sheep b and stars to divide via mitosis to form an embryo -cloned embruos is implanted into the uterus of sheep c - lamb born is clone of sheep a, as nucleus was taken from sheep a so only genetic material comes from it

Question 34

A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic - what is this the definition of

Answer 34

Genetic engineering

Question 35

what are the two things combined in genetic engineering

Answer 35

a plasmid(vector) obtained from bacterium and a desired gene from the donor genome

Question 36

how are both the vector and desired gene acquired in genetic engineering

Answer 36

restriction enzymes cut it open (plasmid) and cut it out (desired gene)

Question 37

what does the vector come from in genetic engineering and what is an alternative for it

Answer 37

it comes from a burst bacterium but the vector could also be a virus

Question 38

what are the desired gene and the vector combined by and what do they make

Answer 38

joined by DNA ligase enzymes to make recombinant DNA

Question 39

what else is recombinant DNA known as and what are two examples

Answer 39

genetic marker gene, eg: a fluorescent gene or an antibiotic resistance gene

Question 40

3 pros of genetic engineering

Answer 40

- better than using animals - no ethical issues - no chance of rejection

Question 41

what is transgenic bacterium

Answer 41

transgenic means a genome from multiple organisms hence it means a bacterium from a genome from multiple organisms

Question 42

next step after the recombinant DNA is made?

Answer 42

insert recombinant DNA into new bacterium (transgenic bacterium) then check if the bacterium is expressing the desired gene and

Question 43

how to check if the new bacterium is expressing the desired gene and example?

Answer 43

check if it expresses the genetic marker gene, eg: if it glows or isn’t destroyed by antibiotics you can assume it will express the desired gene

Question 44

problem with checking if the bacterium shows the desired gene

Answer 44

it’s very difficult so check for the genetic marker gene instead

Question 45

what happens once the bacterium has been checked and cleared that it works

Answer 45

allow it to divide (by 1000) by binary fission

Question 46

what will happen once the bacterium has divided?

Answer 46

it will express desired gene, eg insulin insulin will then be extracted and purified and then will be used

Question 47

5 pros of genetically modified food - can produce more ? for cheaper, increased food ? - can produce plants with ? characteristics, eg ? fruit , disease ? - more food for less ? - better for ? - quicker and potentially ? than other selective ? methods - decreases use of ? / herbicides due to now resistant ? meaning ? income due to less plant ? also less dangerous and more ? friendly

Answer 47

- food, security - desired, more, resistant - money, LICs - cheaper, breeding - pesticides, plants, increased, death, eco

Question 48

7 cons of GM food - may cause allergic ? - invasive ? - may cause ? - don’t know how ? affect our health due to no ? term testing - as they are becoming more ? similar, biodiversity is ?, so may all be susceptible to new ? - moral/ ? reasons, religious ? eg playing ? - expensive for farmers to ? and ? to buy

Answer 48

- reactions - species - cancer - GM plants, long - genetically, decreased, diseases - ethical, concerns, God - do, customers/consumers

Question 49

6 marker model answer 1. Organisms within a ? show genetic ? 2. Humans select ? individuals that have the ? / desired characteristics , eg: high meat ?, docile ? or brightly ? flowers 3. These individuals are medically ?/ screened to ensure they are as ? as possible 4. These ? are now allowed to breed/ ? 5. When the offspring are ?, they will show ? and some will express the ? trait more than others 6. The ones with the most ? characteristics are ? and mated with similar ? from different ? also with the desired ? 7. This happens over many ? until organisms with ? the desirable ? are produced

Answer 49

1. population, variation 2. two, required, yield, behaviour, coloured 3. tested, healthy 4. individuals, reproduce 5. produced, variation, desired 6. desired, chosen, offspring, parents, trait 7. generations, all, traits

Question 50

4 main pros of animal selective breeding

Answer 50

- produces individuals with desired characteristics - which may have economic benefits - new varieties may give high food production etc - animals can be selected which don’t cause harm - eg cattle without horns - higher crop yield

Question 51

5 main cons of animal selective breeding 1. Often involves ? - breeding closely ? individuals, which reduces ? variation and the gene ? 2. inbred populations are more ? to suffer from genetic ?. this is called inbreeding ? 3. rare ? can be unknowingly selected as part of a ? trait, leading to problems with ? organisms, eg a high % of Dalmatians are ? 4. can also create ? problems in specific ? , eg large dogs can have faulty ? as they weren’t formed correctly 5. destructive ? by specific insects or ?

Answer 51

1. interbreeding, related, natural, pool 2. likely, conditions, depression 3. diseases, positive, specific, deaf 4. physical, organisms, hips 5. attack, disease

Question 52

How does cuttings work?

Answer 52

- choose the parent plant - cut a small part of the plant - trim the end - dip in hormone rooting powder - plant in moist compost - keep in a humid and moist atmosphere until roots develop

Question 53

where do you need to cut the plant from?

Answer 53

a region with stem cells - from meristems so it can grow roots

Question 54

why plant plants in a moist compost?

Answer 54

as water is needed for transpiration, and also the use of hydroponics

Question 55

why keep plants in a humid and moist atmosphere?

Answer 55

as there’s lots of water in the air and reduces water loss by transpiration

Question 56

pros of cutting plant cloning?

Answer 56

- asexual reproduction so only need one parent - easy to do - cheap

Question 57

why would you use tissue culture for a rare plant?

Answer 57

as there’s less risk of killing the plant and it also makes more plants

Question 58

3 steps of tissue culture 1. Take a few ? from a plant - has to be ? tissue as they contain stem ? 2. Grow them with plant ? to stimulate them to divide by ? (asexual ?) 3. Grow in different ? to stimulate different ? of the plant to grow, so the cells grow into ? plants

Answer 58

1. cells, meristem, cells 2. hormones, mitosis, reproduction 3. hormones, parts, small

Question 59

One pro, con and fact about tissue culture

Answer 59

Pro - can grow thousands of plants from a small amount of tissue Con - expensive Fact - all with be clones of each other and the initial plant