Classification Of Organisms (NOT IN MOCK!!!) Flashcards
What is classification?
The grouping of organisms according to differences and similarities in their structure
What is the order of the classification system and how to remember???
King Phylip Came Over For Good Salad
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species
What is the binomial system - positives and give an example?
It is the name of the genus and species of an organism - written in Latin so anyone anywhere in the world would understand which animal someone was referring to, eg Homo sapiens - in italics - with the genus capitalised and the species in lowercase
what are the 5 kingdoms and who came up with them?
Linnaeus - Animal, plant, fungi, protist and prokaryote
What did Linnaeus classify organisms by?
Observable traits
What did Woese classify organisms by?
DNA, genetics and sun cellular evidence
how did Woes’ 3 domains classify the 5 kingdoms
The first 4 became 1 domain - Eukaryote
The last one became 2 domains - Archaea and bacteria
why did Woes separate Prokaryote into two different domains?
1. ribosomes are similar in ? and structure between then, but since the ? acid in archaea are closer to ? they cannot be grouped with bacteria in ?
2. as well as this, archaea ? did not ? like anything we’d ever seen before in ? so it must be grouped alone
- shape, nucleic, eukaryotes, prokaryotes
- DNA, look, biology
3 different ways fossils can be formed?
- when parts of an organism is replaced by minerals/they decay
- parts of organisms that haven’t decayed as one or more conditions needed for decay are absent
- preserved traces of organisms eg footprints
How is a fossil formed by decay?
1. Organism dies and ? to the bottom of the ?
2. ? becomes covered in ?. soft parts of ? decay but ? parts like bone don’t
3. More sediment ? on top of remains - ? is compressed and as more ? are added, minerals replace the ? - hardening and preserving ?. the surrounding ? turns to rock
4. fossil is distinct from ? rock and is eventually ? via weathering, construction or natural ?
sinks, water
organism, sediment, body, hard
settles, sediment, layers, bone, it, sediment
surrounding, exposed, disasters
Examples of fossils forming from parts of organisms that haven’t decayed?!
- volcanic ash can cover a tree branch and prevents it from decaying
- whole insects/ parts of plants become trapped in resin or tree sap. this has to fall into winter and become covered in sediment
- peat bags are too acidic for decay or organic tissue
- organisms preserved in ice (permafrost)
How are preserved traces of organisms made?
Impressions are left in soft sediment, as sediment hardens over time, the impression becomes fixed
5 reasons for the fossil record being incomplete?
- haven’t been found yet, as it’s hard to reach like underground
- conditions must be just right for fossils to form (little/no oxygen)
- geological activity can destroy/ damage fossils
- fossils may have been misidentified and can’t be studied
- early life forms were entirely soft bodies so not hard body parts
As we descend through rock what can we see?!
How species changed over time
What does it suggest if near identical fossil exists in multiple geological layers?
It didn’t have to evolve much to survive, so it’s well adapted to it’s environment
What does it suggest if each geological layer shows slightly different features?
The species has evolved over time - it went through natural selection, and adapted to its environment
What does it suggest if a species ceases to exists completely?
Something drastic happened to make it go extinct
In species evolved from natural selection how can we see how the ancestral species evolved into the modern species?
By comparing their different anatomies
Which fossil record is incredibly complete and what does it show?
The horse - shows us the slow successive appearance of new species that led to the modern horse. For example - changes in hoof structure shows change in terrain, and changes in tooth shape show change in diet
When does extinction occur?
Occurs when there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive
8 reasons for extinction
- illegal wildlife trade
- overfishing
- exponential population growth
- climate change
- overconsumption
- pollution
- destruction of habitats
- invasive/alien species
Amur leopard case study - why is it going extinct?
- unsustainable logging
- forest fires
- road building
- farming
- industrial development
- hunting
What does WWF work to do to protect the Amur Leopard?
- stop poaching and illegal trade of them and their parts
- monitor their population and habitat
- increased protected land in Russia and China
- reduce illegal logging
- support responsible forestry practices
- increase population of leopard prey
Gene therapy steps
- A normal ? is cut out of a healthy ?
- many ? are made
- the ‘?’ allele is inserted into the ? of a person with a ? disorder
- enzymes are used to cause the ? cells to take up the ? allele which should then start ? the normal ?
allele, cell
copied
normal, cell, genetic
patient’s, normal, expressing, protein
Issues with gene therapy?
Expensive
Would need to be done in every relevant cell
Needs to be repeated when cells die
Creates stigma around some diseases
Risk of rejection/surgery risk
4 main reasons for animal cloning
- desired characteristics - economic
- save endangered species - issue of all being susceptible to a disease
- research
- emotional reasons
how is sperm and eggs selected and chosen in an embryo transplant
- sperm is taken from a bull with desired characteristics (eg if it’s high milk yield its female relatives should produce lots)
- cow is given FSH and LH to make it produce lots of eggs
Last 5 steps of embryo transplant
- cow is ? inseminated with ?
- zygotes develop into ? in cow and are then ? from cow
- this cell division is via ?
- embryos are ? into several ? embryos each of which can grow into a ? calf
- embryos are placed in the ? of foster ?
- many ? cows implanted to reduce multiple ? risk
artificially, sperm
embryos, removed
mitosis
split, smaller, new
uteruses, mothers
surrogate, birth
adult cell cloning - what does sheep a start with
an adult udder cell’s and then the adult udder cell’s nucleus is removed
adult cell cloning - what does sheep b start with
a mature ovum which then develops into an empty ovum
why is an egg cell used for adult cell clonig
can divide very quickly. also, nucleus of egg cell isn’t used as its haploid
what does the mild electric shock in adult cell cloning do?
gives energy to fuse together
what 3 steps happen after the electric shock in adult cell cloning
- nucleus from sheep a fuses with empty egg from sheep b and stars to divide via mitosis to form an embryo
-cloned embruos is implanted into the uterus of sheep c - lamb born is clone of sheep a, as nucleus was taken from sheep a so only genetic material comes from it
A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic - what is this the definition of
Genetic engineering
what are the two things combined in genetic engineering
a plasmid(vector) obtained from bacterium and a desired gene from the donor genome
how are both the vector and desired gene acquired in genetic engineering
restriction enzymes cut it open (plasmid) and cut it out (desired gene)
what does the vector come from in genetic engineering and what is an alternative for it
it comes from a burst bacterium but the vector could also be a virus
what are the desired gene and the vector combined by and what do they make
joined by DNA ligase enzymes to make recombinant DNA
what else is recombinant DNA known as and what are two examples
genetic marker gene, eg: a fluorescent gene or an antibiotic resistance gene
3 pros of genetic engineering
- better than using animals
- no ethical issues
- no chance of rejection
what is transgenic bacterium
transgenic means a genome from multiple organisms hence it means a bacterium from a genome from multiple organisms
next step after the recombinant DNA is made?
insert recombinant DNA into new bacterium (transgenic bacterium)
then check if the bacterium is expressing the desired gene and
how to check if the new bacterium is expressing the desired gene and example?
check if it expresses the genetic marker gene, eg: if it glows or isn’t destroyed by antibiotics you can assume it will express the desired gene
problem with checking if the bacterium shows the desired gene
it’s very difficult so check for the genetic marker gene instead
what happens once the bacterium has been checked and cleared that it works
allow it to divide (by 1000) by binary fission
what will happen once the bacterium has divided?
it will express desired gene, eg insulin
insulin will then be extracted and purified and then will be used
5 pros of genetically modified food
- can produce more ? for cheaper, increased food ?
- can produce plants with ? characteristics, eg ? fruit , disease ?
- more food for less ? - better for ?
- quicker and potentially ? than other selective ? methods
- decreases use of ? / herbicides due to now resistant ? meaning ? income due to less plant ? also less dangerous and more ? friendly
- food, security
- desired, more, resistant
- money, LICs
- cheaper, breeding
- pesticides, plants, increased, death, eco
7 cons of GM food
- may cause allergic ?
- invasive ?
- may cause ?
- don’t know how ? affect our health due to no ? term testing
- as they are becoming more ? similar, biodiversity is ?, so may all be susceptible to new ?
- moral/ ? reasons, religious ? eg playing ?
- expensive for farmers to ? and ? to buy
- reactions
- species
- cancer
- GM plants, long
- genetically, decreased, diseases
- ethical, concerns, God
- do, customers/consumers
6 marker model answer
1. Organisms within a ? show genetic ?
2. Humans select ? individuals that have the ? / desired characteristics , eg: high meat ?, docile ? or brightly ? flowers
3. These individuals are medically ?/ screened to ensure they are as ? as possible
4. These ? are now allowed to breed/ ?
5. When the offspring are ?, they will show ? and some will express the ? trait more than others
6. The ones with the most ? characteristics are ? and mated with similar ? from different ? also with the desired ?
7. This happens over many ? until organisms with ? the desirable ? are produced
- population, variation
- two, required, yield, behaviour, coloured
- tested, healthy
- individuals, reproduce
- produced, variation, desired
- desired, chosen, offspring, parents, trait
- generations, all, traits
4 main pros of animal selective breeding
- produces individuals with desired characteristics - which may have economic benefits
- new varieties may give high food production etc
- animals can be selected which don’t cause harm - eg cattle without horns
- higher crop yield
5 main cons of animal selective breeding
1. Often involves ? - breeding closely ? individuals, which reduces ? variation and the gene ?
2. inbred populations are more ? to suffer from genetic ?. this is called inbreeding ?
3. rare ? can be unknowingly selected as part of a ? trait, leading to problems with ? organisms, eg a high % of Dalmatians are ?
4. can also create ? problems in specific ? , eg large dogs can have faulty ? as they weren’t formed correctly
5. destructive ? by specific insects or ?
- interbreeding, related, natural, pool
- likely, conditions, depression
- diseases, positive, specific, deaf
- physical, organisms, hips
- attack, disease
How does cuttings work?
- choose the parent plant
- cut a small part of the plant
- trim the end
- dip in hormone rooting powder
- plant in moist compost
- keep in a humid and moist atmosphere until roots develop
where do you need to cut the plant from?
a region with stem cells - from meristems so it can grow roots
why plant plants in a moist compost?
as water is needed for transpiration, and also the use of hydroponics
why keep plants in a humid and moist atmosphere?
as there’s lots of water in the air and reduces water loss by transpiration
pros of cutting plant cloning?
- asexual reproduction so only need one parent
- easy to do
- cheap
why would you use tissue culture for a rare plant?
as there’s less risk of killing the plant and it also makes more plants
3 steps of tissue culture
1. Take a few ? from a plant - has to be ? tissue as they contain stem ?
2. Grow them with plant ? to stimulate them to divide by ? (asexual ?)
3. Grow in different ? to stimulate different ? of the plant to grow, so the cells grow into ? plants
- cells, meristem, cells
- hormones, mitosis, reproduction
- hormones, parts, small
One pro, con and fact about tissue culture
Pro - can grow thousands of plants from a small amount of tissue
Con - expensive
Fact - all with be clones of each other and the initial plant
