Geography Year 9 Flashcards
Epping forest info
- East of london
- 20 different types of dragonfly
- deciduous
- managed for 1000 years
Food web with soil, litter and biomass:
- In ?, trees lose ?, and lots of litter is ?
- In spring, litter is ? to humus and nutrients which turns into ?
- In summer, trees maximise ?
- In ?, leaves are shed to ? heat and in winter these ? are turned into soil
winter, leaves, made
converted, soil
photosynthesis
autumn, conserve, leaves
Proof of climate change (ice cores)
East Antarctica Ice Core records climate of last 800,000 years
Difference between food chain and web
Food chain - direct links between producers and consumers, whereas a food web shows all connections between producers and consumers
Difference between biotic and abiotic
Biotic are living components while abiotic is none living
How much of tropical rainforest covers the earths land
6% of earths land, and is close to equator
How much of desert covers the earths land
1/5
Climate and seasons of savanna
Tropical climate, with both wet and dry seasons (leading to wildfires)
Climate and seasons of temperate grassland
Warm dry summers and cold winters
Climate and seasons of Mediterranean
Hot sunny and dry summers, mild winters, pressure belts migrate N + S
General info of rainforests
Hot and wet, max temp 28 degrees, over 2000 mm, no seasons
Brazil rainforest info
- 20% of worlds fresh water comes from Amazon basin
- 3M hectares in a year
- 80% of clearing is due to cattle ranching
- also lots of mineral extraction
Info about rainforests
- tropical rainforests contain 1/2 of all plants and animals in world
- 28% of earths oxygen comes from rainforest
Malaysia impacts of deforestation
Climate change, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion
Reasons for deforestation
- dams for hydroelectric power
- cattle ranching
- commercial crop growing (allows rainforest to regrow and grows economy)
- road development to make better trade routes
- settlement growth
What does no trees mean for rainforests
- no cooling if air, or absorption of CO2 and real ease of O2
- drier climate, less moisture from trees, more rural urban migration
Cons of loss if biodiversity
Many animals may die out and become endangered, plants that could aid illnesses that aren’t yet discovered are destroyed
cons of soil erosion
infertile land, so can’t grow plants and trees, meaning no trees to keep soil together, soil becomes eroded and loose and provides no shelter
Pros and cons of economic development
Pros - development of land, more jobs for locals, more taxes for government, cheap and easy power from hydroelectric dams
Cons - serious wildfires, lots of pollution, water pollution gives people diseases and costs money
4 layers and details of rainforest
1- shrub later - shrubs, seeds, plants , insects, frogs and fruit
2. under canopy - humid and damp, birds and animals disperse seeds
3. canopy - thickest layer , up to 10 seconds for raindrop to reach forest floor, most sunlight and 70% of species
4. emergent layer - oldest trees, birds, butterflies and bats, hardest layer to live in
Gecko adaptations
Sticky feet to climb up smooth barked leaves
Frog adaptations
Change their appearance to copy poisonous relatives to trick others into thinking they’re poisonous
Jaguar adaptations
Can swim so won’t be damaged by floods
Protection in the rainforest:
Ecotourism, selective logging, conservation and education, allliances, international agreements
Ecotourism?
- supports local communities and protects environment
- gov protects their trees
- trees already cut down are used sustainably for eco hills for example
- locals are supported by money used to introduce people to natural wildlife
Alliances
Achuar and shuar people formed an alliance to fight the threatening prophecy saying the rainforest would disappear (achuar people live in Amazon basin, have 2M acres of land across Ecuador and Peru)
Conservation and education
- rainforest can be preserved in conservation areas, eg national parks
- educate public and also can be used for scientific research!
International agreements
Rainforests are globally important!!
Selective logging?
Only cuts down some trees down and regrows trees restoring forests, (different as most logging is clear felling which destroys ecosystems)
Thin bark adaptation?
- don’t need thick, lots of moisture, slippy - hard for plants to grow and animals to climb
Drip tips?
Waxy surface and pointed tips mean water can drip off during monsoons and prevents algae growth
Leaf angling?
Angle leaves for max sunlight and to avoid shading itself
Red leaves
Reflect red light and act like a sunscreen for young leaves
Epiphytes?
Live on surfaces of plants to maximise access to sunlight
Buttress roots?
Massive roots that give trees stability in thin, infertile soil
How many solar panel installations does Freiburg have, and how much electricity do they supply from them per year?
400 installations, make over 10M kilowatts per year from it
how many people are employed in the green industry? (in Freiburg)
10,000 residents and 1000 work in the solar industry
how do Freiburg manage their waste water?
Excess water from the river Dreisam is stored which can be used
Rainwater can be retained, reused, or seep back into the ground
Residents are given financial incentives to use minimum water
Examples of water conservation in Vauban district
- rainwater collection for in-house usage
- green roofs
- pervious pavements that allow water to soak through
Social opportunities in Bristol?
- more diverse social gatherings due to lots of different cultures
- St Paul’s carnival celebrates the African and Caribbean community
- Bristol city and Bristol rovers are their two football teams
Economic opportunities in Bristol?
- two massive unis - people can go into good jobs from there
- has an unemployment rate below the national average
- large technology offices that employ many like Toshiba
- places like Cabot circus feature new opportunities for economic growth in retail and entertainment sectors
Environmental opportunities in Bristol?
Bristol’s government has a policy of urban greening
Want to cover at least 30% of the city with trees and green space
90% of its population live within 350/390m of green space or a waterway
How is Bristol a transport hub?
Transport hub of the south west of England, with good rail links to Europe, an international airport and m4 and m5 which tie it to wales and London
At what rate is Bristol growing and why is this
9% growth since 2000
Due to international migration from places like Poland, Somalia India and Jamaica
Also lots of people have moved from London as land is cheaper in Bristol so lower rent costs
What popular attractions are there in Bristol?
Popular attractions in Bristol include the Avonmouth Docks, the Bristol Old Vic Theatre and the Clifton Suspension Bridge
What is Bristol considered as?
A green capital - uks first ‘green capital’ city in 2015
One of the ten core cities in the uk
Problems with urban sprawl in Bristol?
New houses are continuing to be built on greenfield sites north of Bristol
8000 homes build in Bradley stoke and 3000 in Harry stoke
Problems with environment in Bristol along with some solutions
City produces 0.5Million tonnes of waste each year with most being sent to landfills
Lots of industrial buildings were abandoned in Stokes Croft after the war but are now being turned into brownfield sites, eg Finzels reach that used to be a sugar refinery and now has lots of shops, offices and apartments
Problems in Filwood
Life expectancy of filwood is 78 - below the national average of 81
Top 10% of most deprived areas in the country
1300 crimes a year
Stoke bishop pros
Considered one of the most affluent areas in the country
Less than 300 crimes per year
Stoke bishop has an average life expectancy of 83
How many bus routes link Bristol temple meads station with the park and ride system
3
Social opportunities from urban growth (adult literacy rates and supplies)
- in 2010 the adult literacy rate of people living in Lagos was 92%
- whereas in rural states this was as low as 14% (the average for Nigeria is 57%)
- Lagos has clean water supplies, electricity, and good entertainment centers and malls
Economic opportunities of urban growth?
- in 2018 the GDP per capita was $5000 (double the amount of nigerias GDP)
- Lagos is Nigeria’s biggest city for banking, investment, and international transactions
- in 2019, Nigerian startups raised $600 million from investor funding - this was 50% of all startup investments in Africa negotiated mainly in Nigerian cities
what is Lagos
Biggest city in Nigeria - a mega city
Managing urban growth and slums in Lagos? info?
- 2/3 of people in Nigeria live in slums
- Makoko, Badia and Agege are main slums in Lagos
- many children in slums don’t go to school
Info about Makoko slum?
Lots of people in the Makoko slum moved to Lagos to earn a living fishing.
However, the waters near the slum are full of sewage and fish struggle to live there.
These fishermen struggle to get other jobs.
Unemployed men who live in the Makoko slum create vigilante groups to provide security. These people are called ‘Area Boys’
How else do people try to make a living in Lagos other than vigilante groups?
- fishermen (struggle to) catch fish and make a living
- people scavenge for rubbish in the city
Nigerias murder rate for every 100,000 people (compared to U.K.)
9.85 vs 1.2 in uk
Environmental problems in Lagos
- Air pollution is measured in PM2.5 and anytbing between 100-300 is very poor, eg in 2016 some parts of Lagos had readings of 217
- 1 million cars in Lagos and emissions can contribute to acid rain as well as lots of congestion and bad public transport
- smog is also a big problem
- 10,000 tonnes of rubbish is put daily into olusosun landfill site (biggest in Africa)
Info about clean water and sanitation in Lagos?
- water in Lagos’ lagoon is too polluted to be used as drinking water
- people drink the same water and go to the toilet in same water and fish in the same water meaning waterborne diseases are spread, eg cholera
- between 67-81% of people have daily access to fresh water
- world bank has given funding to try to improve sanitation in Lagos slums
