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Chemistryyy > biology (y9) > Flashcards

biology (y9) Flashcards

1
Q

function of ribosomes

A

make proteins

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2
Q

what happens in mitochondia

A

respiration, releasing energy

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3
Q

what does the nucleus of a cell do

A

controls activity of cell

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4
Q

what does the cell membrane do

A

controls movement of substacnes in and out

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5
Q

how do meristems help a plant develop

A

allow plant to grow longer roots, plant grows taller and wider

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6
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

a nomral cell: animal, plant, fungi etc, are normally arund 10-100 micrometers in size

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7
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell

A

a simple organism, eg: bacteria, less than 2 micrometres in size

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8
Q

what are the 4 phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphas, anaphase and telephase

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9
Q

what happens in the prophase phase

A

chromosomes are 2 sister chromatids and a centromere. Nucleur enevelope breaks down, centriole from that divides into 2 and moves to opposite poles, spindles start to form

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10
Q

what happens in the metaphase phase

A

chromosomes line up of equator of cell, attaches to spindle fibres

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11
Q

what happens in the anaphase phase

A

centromere joining sister chromatids splits, fibres pull chromatids to opposite poles

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12
Q

what happens in the telephase phase

A

nucleus develops around 2 ets of duplicated chromosomes, after mitosis occurs, cytokinese occurs when the cell splits into two parts

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13
Q

what are meristems

A

groups of undifferentiated cells that dibide to make all the different cells of a plant

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14
Q

what does phloem transport

A

sugars

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15
Q

what does xylem transport?

A

water and minerals

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16
Q

structure of phloem

A

elongated with pores

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17
Q

structure of xylem

A

dead and hollow tubes

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18
Q

where are xylem and phloem found in the leaf

A

in vascualr bundles- phloem near lower surface and xylem above it

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19
Q

where are xylem and phloem found in the stem

A

near edge of stem, phloem closer to edge, xylem more inside

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20
Q

where are xylem and phloem found in the root

A

centre of root, xylem in an ‘x’ with phloem tubes around it

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21
Q

how are lungs and gills adapted for gas exchange

A

large SA, fast diffusion, good blood supply, thin walls, mainatins conc. gradient

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22
Q

whta happens to intercostal muscles and diaphragm when we breathe in

A

intercostal muscles contract and move ribs up and awya, and diaphragm contracts and moves down lower to spine

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23
Q

what is starch tested by and what is the original colour

A

iodine - orangey, brown

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24
Q

what is protein tested by and what is the original colour

A

biuret solution, light blue

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25
Q

what is lipid tested by and what is the original colour

A

ethanol - clear

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26
Q

what is glucose tested by and what is the original colour

A

benedicts solution - blue

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27
Q

what colour would a substance turn if it had starch in it

A

blue black

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28
Q

what colour would a substance turn if it had glucose in it

A

tomato red

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29
Q

what colour would a substance turn if it had lipid in it

A

milky white

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30
Q

what colour would a substance turn if it had protein in it

A

pale purple

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31
Q

what type of food is digested in the stomach and by what enzyme

A

protein, by protease

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32
Q

what is transpiration : two answers-

A

the evaporation of water vapour from the stomata of a leaf, the movement of water from the leaves to the plant to the leaves

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33
Q

4 sections of the leaf

A

upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis

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34
Q

4 ways transpiration is affected

A

light- more bright light increases it, temperatue- higher temperature means quicker evaporation and diffusion, wind- water vapour is removed quickly by air movment, humidity- is slower because extra vapour in the air

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35
Q

what is the movement of sugars called

A

translocation

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36
Q

5 uses of glucose:

A

respiration, energy - storage of it, plant growth and repair and strengthening plant cell walls

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37
Q

what are absorbed by active transport in the roots ( from the soil)

A

nitrate ions

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38
Q

how are leaves adapated to maximise photosynthesis

A

large SA - more space to absorb sunlight,
chlorophyll - absorbs sunlight makes sunlight into energy and chemicals, have stomata - to allow c02 and 02 to diffuse in and out ,
network of veins - to support leaf and transport water and carbs,
wax cuticle - lets light out and protects sufrace of leaf.

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39
Q

word euqation for photosynthesis

A

water + carbon dioxide = (by light) =glucose + oxygen

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40
Q

symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6C02 +6H20 goes to C6H1206+602

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41
Q

what does cell sap do?

A

stores chemicals and helps control water content of cell

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42
Q

what does a chloroplast do?

A

absorbs light for photosynthesis

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43
Q

what does a vacuole do?

A

maintains cell shape and stores cell sap

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44
Q

what does the cell wall do?

A

support cell and keep its shape

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45
Q

where are meristmes usually found?

A

in shoots tops and stems of plants

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46
Q

once stem cells are removed from a ? - ?day old embryo it can turn into any ? of cell

A

3-5, type

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47
Q

what are specialized cells?

A

cells that have structures - adaptations that allow them to do a particular job

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48
Q

eukaryotic cell vs prokaryotic cell : a EK has a nucleus, ? , normally a cell ?, has membrane bound organelles, a flagellum (?), and ribosomes , whereas a PK cell has DNA, it always has a cell? , has ribosomes, is a capsule and ? has a flagellum

A

DNA, wall, sometimes, wall, mostly

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49
Q

what 4 parts do animal cells not have that plant cells do?

A

cell wall, cell sap, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole

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50
Q

cons of stem cells!
1. embryos don’t have to be used, can use ? cells instead
2. body can sometimes ? stem cells
3. people may have different opinions, eg : if they are religious - ?, or if they had personal experiences- like a ?

A

adult, reject, Christianity, miscarriage

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51
Q

what conditions can be cured by stem cells?

A

Parkinson’s, diabtetes, arthritis

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52
Q

stem cells are in specialized cells that can ? each other to make identical ? cells which can then make many different types of ? cells

A

copy, stem, specialized

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53
Q

cons of adult stem cells?

A

can’t make as many different types of specialized cells

54
Q

where are stem cells found?

A

bone marrow, embryos, and shoot tips (meristems)

55
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes in humans?

A

23 pairs

56
Q

chromosomes are found in the nucleus, what substance us arranged into chromosomes ?

A

DNA

57
Q

mitosis functions in multicellular organisms :

A

growth and repair of tissues as well as asexual reproduction

58
Q

functions of mitosis in unicellular organisms:

A

binary fission

59
Q

how is a root hair cell specialized?

A

has a thin cell wall, large SA, and many mitochondria for respiration

60
Q

how is a red blood cell specialized?

A

is biconcave, has no nucleus so it can fit max amount of haemoglobin

61
Q

how is a nerve cell specialized?

A

they are long and thin and form connections with neurones and muscle cells

62
Q

how is a cone/rod specialized?

A

they have many mitochondria, and the outer segment is filled with visual pigment

63
Q

how is a fat cell specialized?

A

has a (large) energy store, very little cytoplasm and can increase in size

64
Q

how is a muscle cell specialized?

A

is elongated, can contract and has lots of mitochondria

65
Q

order cell, organism, organ system, tissue and organ in order from largest to smallest :

A

organism —> organ system —> organ —> tissue —> cell

66
Q

what happens when you breathe out?

A

the intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and closer to spine, and the diaphragm relaxes and moves up and the vol of air in chest decreases

67
Q

what is the definition of diffusion?

A

the spreading of the particles of a gas, eg : oxygen or particles im of any solution eg : glucose, resulting in a movement of particles from an area of high conc to an area of low concentration.

68
Q

what factors affect and increase diffusion time?

A

Hugh remix large SA, higher gradient and smaller particles eg: lots of particles to a few

69
Q

what state has the fastest diffusion?

A

gas

70
Q

due to a smaller SA : ? ratio in multicellular ?, surfaces and organ systems need to be ? to exchange materials effectively

A

Vol, organisms, specialised

71
Q

effectiveness of an exchange system is increased by 4 different factors - name them and describe how it improves diffusion :

A

large SA - more space for diffusion,
thin membrane (normally one cell thick) - a short diffusion path,
good blood supply - steep conc gradient,
well ventilated - also steep concentration gradient.
all of these mean a faster rate of diffusion

72
Q

what is active transport?

A

moving up or against a concentration gradient, or when molecules/ions move against a conc gradient across a semi permeable membrane

73
Q

what does active transport use energy for? (and where does the energy come from?)))

A

to make ‘protein pumps’ which move particles the wrong way - this energy is from aerobic respiration so could be for example glucose from intestine into blood

74
Q

which route does O2 take to get to the blood? and how is the route for CO2 different?

A

O2 passes through trachea —> bronchus —> bronchiole —> alveoli —> blood, CO2 is different as it goes the opposite way and leaves the blood and body

75
Q

what is osmosis?

A

when water moves from an area of high conc of water to an area of low concentration of water across a semi-permeable membrane!!! x

76
Q

what is the difference between high and low conc and high and low water conc

A

high conc is the same as low water conc and vice versa with low conc and high water conc

77
Q

what would happen to a cell that had been put in 1.0 M of sucrose? (OSMOSIS)

A

the cell would contain less water as the water would diffuse across the semi permeable membrane due to the high conc of water in the cell and low conc of water in the sucrose. this leads to it losing water and becoming FLACCID

78
Q

what would happen to a cell that had been put in 0.0 M of sucrose? (OSMOSIS)

A

it would get full of water as it would absorb all the water since the water is moving from a low conc to a high conc (or high water conc to low water conc) and because of this it’ll be quite hard and turgid

79
Q

potato chip experiment - need to be able to explain osmosis… what happened to the mass of the 0.0M chip and the 1.0M chip - COMPARE!!!

A

mass increased for 0.0M, while 1.0M stayed the same and even slightly lost mass

80
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

hypo - so lower, so low conc, so a solution with a high concentration of water and therefore a dilute solution

81
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

hyper means higher, so high conc, low water concentration, so concentrated solution!

82
Q

what’s an isotonic solution?

A

a normal solution

83
Q

what happens to red blood cells if put in a hypotonic solution?

A

they burst as they absorb so much water - cause low to high - water diffuses across the semi permeable membrane into the rbc s !

84
Q

what happens to red blood cells if put in a hypertonic solution?

A

they become crenated/crinkled as there is a high conc outside and low inside so water will diffuse out across the semi permeable membrane

85
Q

where are meridtems found?

A

tips of roots and shoots, and around vascular tissue in stems

86
Q

what types of plants can easily be cloned with meristems?

A

plants that are resistant to diseases!

87
Q

what are xylem and phloem called together?

A

transpiration stream

88
Q

what do roots stems and leaves work together to do?

A

transport water, sugar and minerals around cells

89
Q

leaf - a site of gas exchange and ? , and water loss by ?
stem - supports plant, transpiration ?
roots - anchor plant and absorb ? and dissolved ?

A

photosynthesis, transpiration, stream , waterrr, materials!

90
Q

what is the acronym for uses of glucose?

A

RSPCA - respiration, starch, protein, cellulose and fats

91
Q

what can magnesium deficiency cause?

A

yellow leaves

92
Q

what can a nitrate deficiency cause?

A

poor growth, yellow leaves

93
Q

what can potassium and phosphorus deficiency cause?

A

both - discoloured leaves
potassium - poor growth of fruit
phosphorus - poor root growth

94
Q

what is the independent variable plotted on and why?

A

the x axis, as it is the factor you are changing

95
Q

what axis is the dependent variable plotted on and why?

A

the y axis, as it is the one you are measuring and it is dependent on the independent variable - like a metal rod or a stand is dependent on the balancing part of the stand

96
Q

parts of the upper epidermis (and characteristics)

A

section closest a to surface, has no chloroplasts (sun shines through to palisade mesophyll for photosynthesis) , has a waxy cuticle which stops water evaporating from leaves

97
Q

palisade mesophyll?

A

where 80% of photosynthesis happens, near top for max photosynthesis, palisade cells are packed tightly to maximise no of cells and photosynthesis as well as chloroplasts being at the top of cells for max sunlight!!!

98
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

where most gas exchange happens, has a large SA for co2 absorption from irregular shaped cells - (have chloroplasts so can photosynthesise), has air spaces for co2 to move to palisade later for photosynthesis, as well as stores vascular bundle of xylem and phloem (transport sugar, water and minerals as well as products of photosynthesis , eg: o2 )

99
Q

lower epidermis

A

lots of stomata for gas exchange, bring in co2 for photosynthesis (and take out o2) , stomata are controlled by guard cells which open and close for o2 and co2 diffusion in and out

100
Q

when does the stoma/stomata open?
when guard cells fill with ? by osmosis,
the thicker inner ? stretches less than the thin ?wall,
making the guard ? bend in a banana shape,
the stoma then ? between the guard cells

A

water, wall, outer, cell, opened

101
Q

translocation - what happens?
sugars are transported from ? for immediate use for respiration, normally these are as sucrose and as ? acids, this is by the use of ? cells, and is an active process meaning it can move in ? direction but ? at the same time

A

leaves, amino, phloem, any, NOT

102
Q

equation for intensity?

A

1/d squared

103
Q

in a graph of rate photosynthesis plotted against temp, why is the rate so low at 5 degrees and at 80?

A

at 5 degrees it is just the start of the experiment and the rate is rising but the enzyme hasn’t got to its optimum temperature yet (37 degrees so room temp) , however at 80 it has gone past the optimum temperature meaning that it is too hot for rhe enzyme to function and it starts to denature it - meaning the enzyme gradually loses its use and by 80 degrees it is fully denatured and cannot function anymore

104
Q

what does a potometer measure?

A

the rate of transpiration by uptake of water

105
Q

how does a potometer work?

A

you measure the time and how far the air bubble has gone in that time and then work out the rate by how many cm per minute the bubble has moved

106
Q

transpiration process : water from soil enters ?, via root hair ? water then moves from cell to ? till it meets the ? , where xylem and ? transport water around the rest of a plant - eg : going into a leaf and giving water to the ? in the leaf to hydrate the leaf

A

roots, cell, cell stem, phloem, xylem

107
Q

what does a watering system do?

A

delivers a regular supply of water

108
Q

what does hydroponics do?

A

it is a controlled watering system that grows roots in rock wool and mineral rich water

109
Q

what does shading help control?

A

amount of light and temp

110
Q

what is biological control?

A

a relatively closed growing environment that can use organisms to control pests

111
Q

what does ventilation help control?

A

temp and humidity

112
Q

humidifiers reduce what?

A

transpiration and need for watering since they add more moisture to the air

113
Q

what does heater a do?

A

increases temp so more photosynthesis

114
Q

what does heater b do?

A

increase conc of co2 if a paraffin heater is used, and high concentration of CO2 means high rate of photosynthesis

115
Q

there will always be starch when you have both light and ?

A

CO2

116
Q

what colour is a non variegated leaf?

A

green

117
Q

where does the breakdown of starch take place?

A

mouth, small intestine

118
Q

where is amylase made?

A

duodenum (small intestine), pancreas and salivary gland

119
Q

where are amino acids digested?

A

in the stomach and small intestine

120
Q

where’s fat digested? (and what is it digested into and by)

A

small intestine, into fatty acids and glycerol and by lipase

121
Q

how does bile and lipase emulsify fat?
lipase work over the surface of the ? , then the bile emulsified the ? into tiny droplets of ? which lipase then works over the surface of each of these ? and emulsified them into fatty acids and ?

A

drop (of fat), drop, lipid, droplets, glycerol

122
Q

how does increasing the SA Of lipids aid digestion ?

A

because they are easier to digest as they can be absorbed easily by villi

123
Q

how are leaves adapted to maximize photosynthesis?

A

large SA, chlorophyll, stomata, network and veins, wax cuticle

124
Q

where are sugars made?

A

in the companion cell!

125
Q

where do sugars diffuse into phloem from?

A

companion cell

126
Q

what happens when water enters phloem by osmosis?

A

movement of water in phloem makes sugars sunk to the root

127
Q

what happens when sugars have sunk from the phloem to the sink cell/root

A

sucrose is stored as starch

128
Q

what is bile?

A

ab alkaline liquid which neutralizes stomach acid and provides optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes

129
Q

what enzymes are only made in the pancreas?

A

proteas and lipase

130
Q

movement of water in root hair cells :
1. root hair cells have a large ? for water ?
2. water enters root hairs by ?
3. water moves across root 1 ? at a time
4. water renters xylem of ?
5. water moves up xylem in ? and then leaves xylem and enters ? cells by osmosis
6. water moves across leaf ? cell at a time
7. remaining water ? into the air spaces of spongy ?
8. this raises the humidity, so from air ? water diffuses out of ? and evaporates from surface of ?

A

SA, uptake/absorption,
osmosis,
cell,
stem,
stem, leaf,
1,
evaporates, mesophyll,
spaces, stomata, leaf

131
Q

what is fat used for?

A

to make cell membranes and cholesterol and vitamins

132
Q
A

Chemistryyy (40 decks)

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