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Chemistryyy > biology test - Circulatory System > Flashcards

biology test - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is closed circulation

A

it’s when blood is transported from the heart through blood vessels around the body, to the lungs etc… and it eventually makes it back to heart and restarts the cycle

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2
Q

what is a single circulatory system?

A

when blood flows in one circuit around the body

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3
Q

what kind of organism would have a single circulatory system?

A

fish, because they are less active and so only need a single one

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4
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A

the blood flows in two circuits around the body:
heart to lungs and heart to rest of the body

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5
Q

what kind of organism would have a double circulatory system?

A

a mammal, e.g. a person, since the blood is at two different pressures - low pressure from heart to lungs and high pressure from heart to rest of body

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6
Q

we label the heart normally - true or false

A

false, we label it backwards e.g. what we perceive to be the left side we would label the right side

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7
Q

which side of the heart has oxygenated blood and how would we label this?

A

the left side however we would label it as the right side as we see it

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8
Q

why is the left ventricle bigger than the right ventricle?

A

Because it’s handling the blood that’s going to the rest of the body, meaning it’s at a higher pressure so needs thick walls to be able to handle the higher pressure

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9
Q

what do we call the valves between the atria and ventricles?

A

atrioventricular valves

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10
Q

what are valves anchored by?

A

tendonous chords

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11
Q

what are the valves that when closed block blood from leaving the ventricles called?

A

semi lunar valves

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12
Q

what blood vessel goes into the left atrium

A

pulmonary vein

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13
Q

what blood vessel goes out of the right ventricle

A

pulmonary artery

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14
Q

what blood vessel goes out of the left ventricle

A

aorta

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15
Q

what blood vessel goes into the right atrium

A

vena cava

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16
Q

why are ventricle walls thicker than atria walls?

A

Because the blood has got to travel a further distance, and with a slightly higher pressure (especially in the left ventricle) as the blood needs to travel through the ventricles, through the semi lunar valves and out to the lungs or the rest of the body

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17
Q

where does the vena cava bring blood from

A

the body

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18
Q

where does the pulmonary artery bring blood to

A

the lungs

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19
Q

where does the aorta bring blood to

A

the body

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20
Q

where does the pulmonary vein bring blood from

A

the lungs

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21
Q

what is the septum

A

a wall of muscle which separates the ventricles and two sides of the heart from one another

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22
Q

characteristics of arteries

A

has :
small lumen, no valves, very thick walls (which aren’t permeable)
also:
carries blood from the heart
blood is under a very high pressure and has a pulse
carries oxygenated blood(apart from pulmonary artery)

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23
Q

characteristics of veins

A

has:
thinner walls - not permeable, large lumen, valves
also:
blood flows under low pressure, carries blood to heart, carry deoxygenated blood (apart from the pulmonary vein)

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24
Q

characteristics of capillaries

A

has :
one cell thick walls - very permeable, no valves, high C02 concentration
also:
gas exchange occurs, blood slowly loses oxygen, carries blood from arteries to veins, blood flows under low pressure, but can transport both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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25
Q

what happens after blood has entered the atria and the atria contract

A

because of the atria contracting the pressure of the blood is raised and so therefore the atrio ventricular valves are forced open

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26
Q

what do the ventricles do once full of blood

A

they contract and close the atrioventricular valves, which stop backflow of blood into the atria

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27
Q

as the ventricles continue to contract what happens to the pressure of the blood

A

it increases and because of that forces open the semi lunar valves

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28
Q

what happens when the semi lunar valves open

A

blood is ejected into two arteries - the pulmonary artery going to the lungs and the aorta going to the rest of the body

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29
Q

what happens as the ventricles empty

A

because of higher pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta, the semi lunar valves are forced to close

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30
Q

what happens once all the blood has emptied from the ventricles, all the valves are closed and the arteries have started to transport the blood?

A

the cycle begins again

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31
Q

three comparisons of designs of arteries and veins

A

an artery has thick muscular walls, while a vein has relatively thin walls. an artery has a small lumen, whereas a vein has a large lumen. arteries transport blood at a very high pressure ( it has a pulse), whereas veins transport blood at a lower pressure.

32
Q

what four things make up blood:

A

white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and plasma

33
Q

design of red blood cells:

A

no nucleus, biconcave shaped, similar diameter as the capillaries

34
Q

why are red blood cells a similar diameter to that of capillaries:

A

it slows the red blood cells down, creating more time for diffusion : gas exchange

35
Q

what do red blood cells carry

A

haemoglobin

36
Q

what is haemoglobin called when it is bonded to oxygen

A

oxyhaemoglobin

37
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

a chemical pigment, that carries oxygen - in the red blood cells - to the body

38
Q

where is haemoglobin most likely to be found

A

in the blood vessels (capillaries) in the lungs

39
Q

what key nutrient is needed to make haemoglobin in the body

A

iron

40
Q

what is anaemia

A

deficiency to iron, don’t have enough iron in the body

41
Q

why is anaemia a problem?

A

people have less iron, so can’t make as much haemoglobin therefore less oxygen in the lungs

42
Q

what are good dietary sources for anaemia

A

red meat, spinach and lentils

43
Q

what colour are red blood cells without oxyhaemoglobin ( still with haemoglobin tho)

A

dark red

44
Q

what colour are red blood cells with oxyhaemoglobin

A

bright red

45
Q

how is oxyhaemoglobin formed

A

haemoglobin ( red chemical pigment) binds with oxygen

46
Q

once oxygen has bonded to haemoglobin in the red blood cells where do the red blood cells go

A

they are carried by the blood to the organs

47
Q

what happens once the red blood cells reach the organs

A

haemoglobin releases oxygen (oxygen disassociates) and the oxygen diffuses into the cells

48
Q

what happens once oxygen has diffused into the cells in the organs:

A

blood carries the now dark red red blood cells to the lungs to pick up oxygen and begin the cycle again

49
Q

what is plasma

A

the fluid of the blood

50
Q

what is plasma made of

A

mostly water and also contains other useful and waste substances dissolved in it

51
Q

what waste substances are dissolved in the plasma

A

C02, urea and lactic acid

52
Q

what useful substances are dissolved in the plasma

A

digested food e.g. glucose and amino acids

53
Q

what is glucose used for in the body

A

respiration (mitochondria)

54
Q

what are amino acids used for in the body

A

protein synthesis (ribosomes)

55
Q

white blood cells characteristics:

A

have a large nucleus, can change their shape

56
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

fight infection

57
Q

what are the two types of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

58
Q

what do lymphocytes do:

A

produce antibodies/antitoxins to fight infection

59
Q

what do phagocytes do:

A

they’re attracted to bacteria, since bacteria create chemicals called toxins, phagocytes then surround the bacteria and engulf it this is called phagocytosis

60
Q

what is an antitoxin:

A

chemical/s used to destroy the poisons produced by bacteria.

61
Q

what are platelets

A

small fragments of cells involved in blood clotting

62
Q

what is the role of platelets:

A

to help protect the wound when you’re cut and stop the bleeding (with clotting)

63
Q

what is blood clotting

A

a series of enzyme - controlled reactions resulting in the change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which then forms a network of fibres to trap the red blood cells and forming a clot

64
Q

what is fibrinogen

A

a soluble blood protein

64
Q

what does a blood clot turn into after hardening

A

a scab

65
Q

what is fibrin

A

an insoluble blood protein!!

66
Q

what 3 things float in plasma

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets( small fragments)

67
Q

what’s a pacemaker

A

a group of cells located in the right atrium which sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to contract (beat)

68
Q

what problems arise if someone’s pacemaker stops working/ malfunctions

A

there may not be any electrical impulses sent to their heart, therefore the heart doesn’t contract and isn’t beating so the person will probably die

69
Q

what’s an artificial pacemaker

A

same as a pacemaker but located just under collarbone and artificial, is the size of a (small) matchbox

70
Q

extra facts about an artificial pacemaker

A

stores info about heart rate etc…, is implanted by keyhole surgery - so on local anaesthetic, can either make heart contract/ constantly or just turn on when the natural rhythm goes wrong/ awry

71
Q

advantages of artificial pacemaker

A

heart is now contracting/beating as normal, heart rate is controlled, can go home soon after procedure, can start exercise/ normal routine quite soon after surgery, pretty minor surgery

72
Q

disadvantages of an artificial pacemaker

A

magnets interfere with the tech, have to keep quite far away from them e.g. devices, induction hobs and escalators, can’t do much - especially drive - for 6 weeks, have to get better insurance/ tell company about the artificial pacemaker, have to carry ID everywhere

73
Q

what’s a hole in the heart and why is it a problem

A

between the right and left ventricles, a hole in the septum, so the ventricles are not separated properly - blood can easily flow between

74
Q

why is a ‘hole in the heart’ a problem?

A

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes - oxygenated - is a waste of oxygen as it goes to lungs so waste of oxygen and transportation of blood, deoxygenated - blood goes to the body, less oxygen/02 for aerobic respiration!!

Chemistryyy (40 decks)

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