Geogrpahy

Question 1

internal deformation - distortion within a ? in the ?, the glacier becomes frozen to the ? surface, the sheer weight of the ? and influence of gravity cause individual ice ? to react to stress and melting and becoming more ?

Answer 1

material, winter, rocky, ice, crystals, elongated

Question 2

what is bulldozing known as in glaciers?

Answer 2

the movement of glaciers which pushes material downhill

Question 3

when does meltwater pour of the snout of some glaciers?

Answer 3

in the summer months

Question 4

where does most deposition occur?

Answer 4

at the snout of the glacier

Question 5

Glacial till - poorly sorted debris carried by the ? and then dumped when the ice ?, it comprises a large range of ? sizes and due to ? of water transport they tend to be quite ?

Answer 5

ice, melts, particle, lack, angular

Question 6

what is our wash carried by and how is it different to glacial till?

Answer 6

it’s carried by melt water streams, and is different as it is more rounded and sorted - with finer material being deposited far away from the ice front

Question 7

what’s a tarn?

Answer 7

a body of water formed by a glacier

Question 8

characteristics of a Corrie - is in the ? course of a glacier, has a steep back ? and sides and usually contains a ?. it also has a raised ? at the front to keep the water of the ? inside

Answer 8

upper, wall, tarn, lip, tarn

Question 9

what is a Corrie?

Answer 9

a deep depression found on the hillside, sometimes referred to as a cirque or cwm

Question 10

what’s an arête?

Answer 10

a knife edged ridge found at the back of a Corrie or separating two glaciated valleys

Question 11

what’s a pyramidal peak?

Answer 11

when 3 or more corried have formed and eroded the top of the mountain to form a single peak

Question 12

how do glaciers form?
1. snowflakes fall and ? in a hollow in the ?
2. when snow falls more, the ? compresses the snow to form ? a firm type of ?
3. more weight is added so the firn turns into ?
4. ice looks ? because all the air is squeezed out under the ?
5. when the ice doesn’t ? the glacier gets ? and heavier and gravity forces it to move ? slowly downhill
6. glacier erodes the ? on either side and alters the ?

Answer 12

accumulate, mountainside,
weight, firn, snow, ice, blue, pressure,
melt, larger, very, valley, landscape

Question 13

how does a Corrie form?

Answer 13

glacier erodes a hollow making it deeper, and there is a lot of freeze thaw weathering and plucking which leads to lots of abrasion which makes the hollow uneven and then post glacial period a jagged summit is left as well as well as lots of glacial till and scree slopes form freeze thaw weathering. the rock lip is less eroded since there was less thick ice to erode it

Question 14

what is mass movement?

Answer 14

the downward movement or sliding of material under influence of gravity - once weakened by weathering can deliver loose materials to beaches and sea for erosion!!!

Question 15

what are 4 examples of chemical weathering

Answer 15

carbonation, oxidation, hydration and hydrolysis

Question 16

what is erosion?

Answer 16

the wearing away and breaking up of rock along the coast - involving movement

Question 17

what is basal slip?

Answer 17

rapid movement in the summer when meltwater lubricates the glacier and allows it to slide downhill

Question 18

what’s rotational slip?

Answer 18

when meltwater lubricates hollows up on The Valley, (can) be curved

Question 19

2 characteristics of a glacial environment?

Answer 19

snow and ice covers most of the environment
constantly low temp, almost never above freezing

Question 20

what are marine processes and what are the three marine processes

Answer 20

they are weathering processes that happen at the base of a cliff, and they are attrition, abrasion/corrosion and hydraulic action!!

Question 21

what are two examples of mechanical weathering? (what happens with the less common example)

Answer 21

freeze thaw and salt crystallization - water evaporates leaving salt crystals which grow and put pressure on rocks causing flakes to break off

Question 22

when does rockfall happen? when fragments of ? break away from cliff ? , this is called freeze ? weathering

Answer 22

rock, face, thaw

Question 23

when does a landslide happen? after prolonged ? , blocks of ? slide downwards in a ? plane from a bedding of ?, however the sides retain their ? structure as they move as a larger ?

Answer 23

rainfall, rock, slide, rock, internal, mass

Question 24

when does mudflow happen? when saturated ? and weak rock flow down a ? happens in steep ? when vegetation is ? and can’t hold soil after heavy? , eg : Lyme ?

Answer 24

soil, slope, slopes, sparse, rainfall, Regis

Question 25

characteristics and plants of embryo and fore dunes

Answer 25

low growing with deep tap roots, alkaline soil, little organic matter, sand wort and sea couch

Question 26

characteristics and plants of yellow dunes

Answer 26

less alkaline, long tap roots underground - rhizomes stabilise plants, red fescue and marram grass

Question 27

characteristics and plants of grey dunes

Answer 27

some marram grass, better biodiversity and more organic matter with lichen and heather (and some marram grass)

Question 28

characteristics and plants of dune stacks

Answer 28

lots of organic matter with rushes and reeds

Question 29

characteristics and plants of heath and woodland

Answer 29

most organic matter, acidic soil, heather, buckthorn birch and oak

Question 30

how does a sand dune form?

Answer 30

when sand heaped into mounds by the wind is blown against an obstacle

Question 31

how are spits formed

Answer 31

when the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline resulting in long shore drift, and as the spit grows it forms a hook and as waves can’t get passt this it created a sheltered area with mudflats and salt marshes

Question 32

how do salt marshes develop?

Answer 32

by saltwater tolerant plants trapping material which allows it to expand and form new land and over time the area is colonised by animals and plants who have adapted to the salty conditions

Question 33

how does a cave form

Answer 33

when joints (cracks) are widened by erosion to form a hole in the cliffface/rock which is called a cave

Question 34

what is a stump?

Answer 34

a smaller stack with its head fallen in

Question 35

how is a cliff formed? :
- land slopes ?, freeze ? weathering weakens rock
- base of ? starts to be ? by wave pounding ( ? action) and shingle hurled at the ? of the cliff (abrasion)
- with more ? more rock collects at the base of the ?, which is removed by ? waves and this leaves a ? - and because of this the section above cliff ? is unsupported making it more ?
- the notch is ? so the section is no longer ? and can’t hold so collapses into the ? forming a cliff
- as the ? retreats, the former cliff base forms a landform called a wave -? platform , and joints are enlarged by hydraulic action and ?

Answer 35

-down, thaw,
-cliff, eroded, hydraulic, base,
-erosion, cliff, destructive, notch, unsupported, precarious,
-enlarged, supported, sea,
-cliff, cut, abrasion

Question 36

what is a discordant coastline

Answer 36

when geology alters between strata of hard and soft rock aligned at an angle

Question 37

concordant coastline?

Answer 37

a coastline with the same type of rock along its length running parallel to coast

Question 38

what is longshore drift?

Answer 38

when sediment is moved across the coastline and eventually deposited

Question 39

3 steps to longshore drift :
- waves arrive head ? at coast, sediment moved up and ? beach with little lateral ?
- direction of waves ? due to prevailing ?
- waves approach beach at an ? , sediment moved along ? by longshore ?

Answer 39

• on, down, movement
• change, wind
• angle, coast/beach, drift