Geogrpahy Flashcards
internal deformation - distortion within a ? in the ?, the glacier becomes frozen to the ? surface, the sheer weight of the ? and influence of gravity cause individual ice ? to react to stress and melting and becoming more ?
material, winter, rocky, ice, crystals, elongated
what is bulldozing known as in glaciers?
the movement of glaciers which pushes material downhill
when does meltwater pour of the snout of some glaciers?
in the summer months
where does most deposition occur?
at the snout of the glacier
Glacial till - poorly sorted debris carried by the ? and then dumped when the ice ?, it comprises a large range of ? sizes and due to ? of water transport they tend to be quite ?
ice, melts, particle, lack, angular
what is our wash carried by and how is it different to glacial till?
it’s carried by melt water streams, and is different as it is more rounded and sorted - with finer material being deposited far away from the ice front
what’s a tarn?
a body of water formed by a glacier
characteristics of a Corrie - is in the ? course of a glacier, has a steep back ? and sides and usually contains a ?. it also has a raised ? at the front to keep the water of the ? inside
upper, wall, tarn, lip, tarn
what is a Corrie?
a deep depression found on the hillside, sometimes referred to as a cirque or cwm
what’s an arête?
a knife edged ridge found at the back of a Corrie or separating two glaciated valleys
what’s a pyramidal peak?
when 3 or more corried have formed and eroded the top of the mountain to form a single peak
how do glaciers form?
1. snowflakes fall and ? in a hollow in the ?
2. when snow falls more, the ? compresses the snow to form ? a firm type of ?
3. more weight is added so the firn turns into ?
4. ice looks ? because all the air is squeezed out under the ?
5. when the ice doesn’t ? the glacier gets ? and heavier and gravity forces it to move ? slowly downhill
6. glacier erodes the ? on either side and alters the ?
accumulate, mountainside,
weight, firn, snow, ice, blue, pressure,
melt, larger, very, valley, landscape
how does a Corrie form?
glacier erodes a hollow making it deeper, and there is a lot of freeze thaw weathering and plucking which leads to lots of abrasion which makes the hollow uneven and then post glacial period a jagged summit is left as well as well as lots of glacial till and scree slopes form freeze thaw weathering. the rock lip is less eroded since there was less thick ice to erode it
what is mass movement?
the downward movement or sliding of material under influence of gravity - once weakened by weathering can deliver loose materials to beaches and sea for erosion!!!
what are 4 examples of chemical weathering
carbonation, oxidation, hydration and hydrolysis
what is erosion?
the wearing away and breaking up of rock along the coast - involving movement
what is basal slip?
rapid movement in the summer when meltwater lubricates the glacier and allows it to slide downhill
what’s rotational slip?
when meltwater lubricates hollows up on The Valley, (can) be curved
2 characteristics of a glacial environment?
snow and ice covers most of the environment
constantly low temp, almost never above freezing
what are marine processes and what are the three marine processes
they are weathering processes that happen at the base of a cliff, and they are attrition, abrasion/corrosion and hydraulic action!!
what are two examples of mechanical weathering? (what happens with the less common example)
freeze thaw and salt crystallization - water evaporates leaving salt crystals which grow and put pressure on rocks causing flakes to break off
when does rockfall happen? when fragments of ? break away from cliff ? , this is called freeze ? weathering
rock, face, thaw
when does a landslide happen? after prolonged ? , blocks of ? slide downwards in a ? plane from a bedding of ?, however the sides retain their ? structure as they move as a larger ?
rainfall, rock, slide, rock, internal, mass
when does mudflow happen? when saturated ? and weak rock flow down a ? happens in steep ? when vegetation is ? and can’t hold soil after heavy? , eg : Lyme ?
soil, slope, slopes, sparse, rainfall, Regis
characteristics and plants of embryo and fore dunes
low growing with deep tap roots, alkaline soil, little organic matter, sand wort and sea couch
characteristics and plants of yellow dunes
less alkaline, long tap roots underground - rhizomes stabilise plants, red fescue and marram grass
characteristics and plants of grey dunes
some marram grass, better biodiversity and more organic matter with lichen and heather (and some marram grass)
characteristics and plants of dune stacks
lots of organic matter with rushes and reeds
characteristics and plants of heath and woodland
most organic matter, acidic soil, heather, buckthorn birch and oak
how does a sand dune form?
when sand heaped into mounds by the wind is blown against an obstacle
how are spits formed
when the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline resulting in long shore drift, and as the spit grows it forms a hook and as waves can’t get passt this it created a sheltered area with mudflats and salt marshes
how do salt marshes develop?
by saltwater tolerant plants trapping material which allows it to expand and form new land and over time the area is colonised by animals and plants who have adapted to the salty conditions
how does a cave form
when joints (cracks) are widened by erosion to form a hole in the cliffface/rock which is called a cave
what is a stump?
a smaller stack with its head fallen in
how is a cliff formed? :
- land slopes ?, freeze ? weathering weakens rock
- base of ? starts to be ? by wave pounding ( ? action) and shingle hurled at the ? of the cliff (abrasion)
- with more ? more rock collects at the base of the ?, which is removed by ? waves and this leaves a ? - and because of this the section above cliff ? is unsupported making it more ?
- the notch is ? so the section is no longer ? and can’t hold so collapses into the ? forming a cliff
- as the ? retreats, the former cliff base forms a landform called a wave -? platform , and joints are enlarged by hydraulic action and ?
-down, thaw,
-cliff, eroded, hydraulic, base,
-erosion, cliff, destructive, notch, unsupported, precarious,
-enlarged, supported, sea,
-cliff, cut, abrasion
what is a discordant coastline
when geology alters between strata of hard and soft rock aligned at an angle
concordant coastline?
a coastline with the same type of rock along its length running parallel to coast
what is longshore drift?
when sediment is moved across the coastline and eventually deposited
3 steps to longshore drift :
- waves arrive head ? at coast, sediment moved up and ? beach with little lateral ?
- direction of waves ? due to prevailing ?
- waves approach beach at an ? , sediment moved along ? by longshore ?
- on, down, movement
- change, wind
- angle, coast/beach, drift
4 causes of uneven development (and examples)
physical - eg landlocked, historical - past colonies of British empire have struggled, economic - low life expectancy, agriculture - manufacturing
How much of export in NEEs do Japan India and china make up?
80%
Facts about tourism in Jamaica? (How many people employed etc)
200,000 people employed
2BN per year from tourism
Farm and hotel scheme when hotels provided 10 farmers with £25 M and then turned to 80 farmers and helped them out
Pros of intermediate technology
Easy to use by a community and relatively cheap
different types of top down development (larger scale development)
micro finance loans, investment, industrial development
What does the Gini coefficient demonstrate and example of what 0 means
The distribution of wealth - 0 means wealth is completely evenly distributed
DTM - demographic transition model -
1. High ? and death ?
2. ? birth rate and falling ? rate
3. birth rate ? and still falling death ?
4. low birth ? and ? rate - world’s
richest ?
5. death ? slightly higher than ? rate, eg:
- Birth rate, rate
- High, death
- Falling, rate
- rate, death, countries
- rate, birth, Germany
3 facts about Nigeria
- has had the highest GDP in Africa since 2014
- provides 2.7% of world oil - 12th biggest producer
- 5th largest contributor to UN’s peacekeeping mission
3 links for Nigerian
Ecowas - its HQ is in Abuja - to promote economic integration, Cen-Sad - also promotes integration, African Union - planning and peacekeeping
changes in Nigeria
less agriculture, more manufacturing - due to more investment from china (for infrastructure and drilling)
balanced services - industry agriculture and services
Poverty in Nigeria facts
- 50% - 87M live on less than $1.69 a week
- 19% of young people and 33% overall are unemployed
- highest % of aid is for healthcare
- decrease of sanitation - 37-33 from 1990-2019
- Only 54% attend school, and only 22% have safe water access (in comparison to 99% in uk)
How did Boko Haram affect development
Shows the tension between Christian south and Muslim north and the kidnappings put off potential investors
Aduwan health clinic - what does it do?
World bank gave it money to develop, deals with HIV and AIDs and helps infant mortality rate to immunize against polio and educate about it
Context and history of Nigeria
- Got independence from British Empire in 1960
- Civil war of Biafra 1967-1970 - made Nigeria politically unstable till 1999
- has a strong football team, and good music, Nollywood - second biggest film industry in world - also made black panther
Difference between northern and southern Nigeria
Northern - semi desert, southern - a mix of rainforest and crops, but can’t keep pets or cattle due to tsetse fly
Bodo oil spill info
560,000 barrels of oil spilt, devastated lives of local ogeni people and Bodo people - eg fishing industry. Got 46.8M paid back - over 3000 per person.
How many people do shell employ directly and indirectly
6000 and 20000
Unilever facts?
Employed around 1500 people, wants to grow the market and work with locals, 2nd best place to work in Nigeria in 2014
Why are doctors moving away in Nigeria?
Not enough doctors, can’t give all their patients medical care, bad pay and they’re overworked
uk Economy Timeline?
1. 1945-79?
2. 1979-2010?
3. 2010- now?
- government supported declining industries
- privatization, selling businesses to shareholders
- ‘rebalance economy’, reduce dependent on service sector eg finance sector, and make access to loans for small businesses easier as well as improving transport
negative changes in uk?
- higher inequality
- less manufacturing due to robots and production in LIC meaning jobs are outsourced
- Imports from china
- agriculture decreased by 1.1% between 2010 and 2020
Positive changes in UK
- More foreign investment, new ideas tech and jobs
- specialization in high quality manufacturing and tech - like info tech
Torr Quarry info
- 1 of 8 quarries in Mendip hills
- 5M tonnes of stone a year
- 100 directly employed
- boosts the local economy by £15M per year
-uses limestone for aggregate on roads
Pros of Torr Quarry
- removed harmful gases from power stations by desulphurisation
- 60 acres of land landscaped to blend in
- 2010 - quarry deepened instead of widened
Cons of Torr Quarry?
- noise pollution
- unsightly to walkers and tourists
- habitat and agricultural land is damaged
What is a science park
Single Site, a group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses
what is a business park?
area of land open for expansion occupied by a cluster of businesses usually in the outskirts of
connections to cobalt business park?
A1 and A19 roads, local airport and lots of accommodation and green space
Cambridge Science park info
- Founded by Trinity College in 1970
- Astra zeneca and Microsoft
- 61% of companies originated in Cambridge
- contributed £37Bn to Cambridges annual economy
- lots of green space and low density building
- connections to places with m11 and stansted airport
Cons of Cambridge science park.
Very expensive housing, and there’s lots of congestion due to air and rail
Changes in tertiary, secondary, and primary sectors from 1800-2006
Tertiary - 10%-74%
Secondary - stayed at 15%
Primary - 75% - 2%
Why are there changes in the uk?
Globalization, lack of investment, Urbanisation and deindustrialisation
Why are there changes in the uk?
Globalization, lack of investment, Urbanisation and deindustrialisation
what has happened to the service sector since 1948 (and 1970)
was 46% in 1948 but now 79%. over 2M people employed. financial - also a part of it makes up 10% of UK’s gdp eg teachers and doctors
Uk connections - commonwealth
Made up of 56 countries (old colonies of UK), didn’t want King Charles as new head. good for uk as can trade with rich and support poor countries. also more cultural and educational resources like people being able to learn English etc
What is the arctic fiber project
1500km long, connects uk with Japan and other parts of Asia and better telecommunications
Tech industry in uk?
1.3M people in IT, research contributes 3Bn to economy, employs over 60,000 highly skilled workers, eg British Antarctic Survey with 500 people linked to Cambridge
What’s happening in South Cambridgeshire and the positives of this?
- 150,000 increasing migrants from parts of UK and Eastern Europe
Pros: - Can use farmland from construction - creating jobs
- green belt prevents less building meaning less population growth and preservation of rural areas
Negatives of south Cambridgeshire
- less agricultural employment
- less younger people as high house prices
- lots of pressure to allow building on green belt due to high demands
- 80% car ownership leads to more traffic and congestion
- high demand for petrol
Pros of EU for UK
- passport benefits
- EU gives UK backing and influence if they adhere to people’s rules
- good trade and investment
- cat makers can export vehicles free of tax to parts of Europe
Pros of Brexit
- can reseestablish as an independent country
- immediate cost saving as no contribution to EU’s budget
- can negotiate own deals with powerful countries
What’s happening in outer Hebrides
- Older population increasing from 2,800-3,500
- Population has decreased from 46,000 in 1901 to 27,500 now
- younger and working population have decreased (3200 to 2900 in 2004- 2014 )
- 27% increase in visitors from 2007-2014
- can’t maintain economy and services even with support from gov so schools and post offices are closing
Difference between north and south
- Uk originally grew in north till Industrial Revolution
- from 1970s, as there is less industrial and engineering people move to south for better jobs
- north is mainly hills and mountainous regions
What’s an assisted area
Places uk gov identified that would benefit from additional help to secure business investment
What’s an LEP
Local enterprise partnership - voluntary partnerships between businesses and authorities