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Chemistryyy > Chemistry - air and water > Flashcards

Chemistry - air and water Flashcards

1
Q

what was the earths first atmosphere composed of?

A
  • lots of CO2
  • lots of water vapour
  • other gases like ammonia, methane and argon
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2
Q

what was the first atmosphere formed from?

A

volcanic eruptions

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3
Q

why does the first rain fall and oceans form?

A

the earths temp falls to 100 degrees Celsius

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4
Q

what happens to the CO2 in the atmosphere when the earths temp falls to 100 degrees?

A

some CO2 is removed as it dissolves in the oceans

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5
Q

what happens after the first oceans form?

A

the first plants evolve - so more CO2 is removed and the first O2 is made (photosynthesis)

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6
Q

what’s the test for oxygen?

A

oxygen relights a glowing splint in a test tube

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7
Q

what happens after the first plants evolve?

A

the first animals evolve - and when they die they sink to the bottom of the sea and get covered in sedimentation (fossils!)

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8
Q

what are the remains of animals turned into ( and over what time frame)

A

fossil fuels - coal oil and gas, over millions of years

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9
Q

when did the atmosphere change to something similar to our current atmosphere? (and what was the make up of the atmosphere?)

A

400 M years ago : 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and 0.03% carbon dioxide

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10
Q

why has the carbon dioxide level increased to 0.04%?

A

mainly due to the combustion of fossil fuels

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11
Q

what other things also brought water to the earth?

A

icy comets

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12
Q

what other planets’ atmospheres was the earths early atmosphere similar to

A

Venus and Mars

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13
Q

when did life on earth begin and what did this take the form of?

A

3.4 billion years ago, simple bacteria like organisms

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14
Q

how did organisms make food for themselves without water?

A

the breakdown of other chemicals as a source of energy

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15
Q

what were examples of the first photosynthesising organisms?

A

more bacteria and algae

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16
Q

when were the levels of O2 rising steadily and why?

A

2 billion years ago, algae and bacteria filled the seas

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17
Q

when did the evolution of animals start to happen?

A

when plants had evolved and colonised most of the surface of the earth

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18
Q

what happens (once animals started to evolve) to the earliest microorganisms?

A

they couldn’t tolerate O2 and they largely die out

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19
Q

where did most of the CO2 in the atmosphere go?

A

into living organisms - and taken up by plants and turned into new plant material

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20
Q

how do animals acquire the carbon, and what does it transfer into?

A

they eat the plants and the c turns into bones, teeth and shells

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21
Q

what do the dead bodies of lots of living organisms form?

A

sedimentary rocks like limestone

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22
Q

how does the earth turn fossils into fossil fuels?

A

the movements of the earth crushes them up and heats them creating fossil fuels - but a lot of CO2 stays in the earths crust locked up

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23
Q

how were ammonia and methane removed from the old atmosphere?

A

reacted with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen

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24
Q

there are annual fluctuations in the levels of CO2 - how is this related to plants?

A

it’s because of the seasonal differences of plants - so show how important plants are for removing CO2 from the atmosphere

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25
Q

with lots of CO2 in the atmosphere what happens to the reaction between that and seawater and what does it make?

A

the reaction increases - making instructions Lübke carbonated and soluble hydrogen carbonate which just remain in the sea water - acting as a buffer but the oceans will not be able to cope forever

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26
Q

what increases the amount of methane in the atmosphere?

A

raising and reading more ruminants (cows and sheep)

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27
Q

what three main things will an increase in the earths temperature cause?

A
  • climate change, drought, economic problems and migration
  • more extreme weather events
  • melting ice caps and flooding of low level areas
28
Q

the earths ? increases since CO2, ? and CH4 let through the ? frequency radiation from the sun but absorb the low ? infra red ? from the earth

A

temperature, H20, high, frequency, radiation

29
Q

why is radiation from the sun not absorbed by the atmospheric gases?

A

it’s of a short wavelength so can easily pass through the atmosphere to the earths surface

30
Q

what do the atmospheric gases absorb, what does this cause and why is it beneficial to us?

A

the long wavelength radiation from the earth, causes a temp increase, and benefits us as the temp is pretty warm on earth

31
Q

2 reasons there are more CO2 in the atmosphere?

A

combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation

32
Q

2 reasons there is more methane in the atmosphere?

A

more animal farming (digestion and decomposition of waste) and rubbish decomposition in landfill sites

33
Q

gas syringe oxygen experiment : method (3steps)

A
  1. two 100cm3 gas syringes are connected (one full one empty) with copper turnings in the middle
  2. Air is passed to and fro between them, copper is heated by a Bunsen burner (until the volume stops decreasing)
  3. Apparatus is left to cool and then volume is measured and recorded
34
Q

in the gas syringe experiment why does the volume of air decrease?

A

the copper is being burnt in the oxygen - forming copper oxide and reducing volume of air/ oxygen

35
Q

bell jar experiment : method, 5 steps?

A
  1. Bell had us placed on top of coins inside a trough, and water is poured into the trough till it reaches the 0 on the bell bar
  2. piece of phosphorus is placed in an evaporating dish which floats on water
  3. phosphorus is lit and lid is placed on top
  4. Yellow phosphorus starts burning and the air space inside gets full of white fumes (phosphorus oxide) which dissolved in water forming an acidic solution
  5. When phosphorus has stooped burning and white fumes have disappeared the water level is then measured
36
Q

what is the level of water like before and after the phosphorus is burned?

A

levels of water inside and out are equal (before), and inside levels are higher when the phosphorus stops burning (after)

37
Q

why does the water level in the bell jar increase?

A

the oxygen is removed from the air and due to this the pressure inside is less than the atmospheric prsssure - so the atmospheric pressure pushes water up inside the jar

38
Q

what does the bell jar experiment tell us?

A

tells us information about the amount (%) of oxygen in the air needed to burn phosphorus

39
Q

what was formed when the phosphorus was burned in the bell jar and what colour would this turn the universal indicator

A

phosphorus oxide which then dissolved in the water forming an acidic solution - turning the universal indicator red

40
Q

how is carbon monoxide formed?

A

when there is an incomplete combustion in a shortage of oxygen

41
Q

how is sulfur dioxide formed?

A

from burning coal or petrol which contains Sulfur (in oxygen)

42
Q

how are oxides of nitrogen formed?

A

from nitrogen and oxygen at very high temps (eg in an engine)

43
Q

how is carbon monoxide reduced?

A

is converted by a catalytic converter into carbon dioxide

44
Q

how is sulfur dioxide reduced?

A

removed (from power stations) by capturing with limestone

45
Q

how are oxides of nitrogen reduced?

A

are converted by a catalytic converter into nitrogen

46
Q

what is safe to drink water called?

A

potable

47
Q

why is drinkable water not pure water?

A

as it contains useful dissolved substances like ions

48
Q

where do most water supplies come from (where do they come originally and where are they stored)

A

come from rain water, water is stored (with low levels of dissolved substances) in lakes and rivers and is then treated

49
Q

what are the 3 main sedimnets of making water potable?

A

sedimentation, filtration, and sterilisation

50
Q

what is sedimentation?
when there is a tank of very ? water, and insoluble ? falls to bottom of the ?, and also sometimes chemicals (?) are added to stick together the ?

A

still, solid, tank, coagulants, solid

51
Q

what is filtration?

A

when tanks containing sand filters removed the insoluble solid

52
Q

what is sterilisation?

A

when chlorine is added to the tanks, which kills harmful bacteria

53
Q

test for chlorine?

A

put it in the presence of damp blue litmus paper - and it should bleach red, then bleaches white

54
Q

what happens when a fuel is burned in a plentiful amount of oxygen

A

produces two main products - water and carbon dioxide

55
Q

what is chlorine used for and why is it used even tho it’s a poisonous gas?

A

sterilising water and in swimming pools, because when dissolved in water it is harmful to people due to its low concentration but still kills the bacteria in the water

56
Q

what is fluorine used for in toothpaste and water and why can this cause problems?

A

to help clean teeth, but the concentrations need to be monitored as low concentration is fine but high concentration can be quite damaging and problematic

57
Q

what is the distillation/ treatment of salty water or seawater called?

A

desalination

58
Q

why is desalination so expensive??

A

because both distillation and reverse osmosis require large amounts of energy so is very expensive

59
Q

what 3 things use a large amount of water in the uk?

A
  • building homes
  • industry
  • agriculture
60
Q

what 3 things use a large amount of water in the uk?

A
  • building homes
  • industry
  • agriculture
61
Q

why does producing potable water have costs (money and environmental) ?

A

as it takes energy to pump and heat it which is expensive - and if they are fossil fuels there is an increase in greenhouse gases and therefore increases global warming

62
Q

what is reverse osmosis?

A

when there are large ions and small water molecules on one side of a membrane - so the small water molecules diffuse across to make potable water

63
Q

why do hotter countries tend to use desalination?

A

as they have little fresh water - as more of it (eg groundwater) evaporates, so they can use the heat to evaporate the water from the salt and then condense it

64
Q

why do hotter countries tend to use desalination?

A

as they have little fresh water - as more of it (eg groundwater) evaporates, so they can use the heat to evaporate the water from the salt and then condense it

65
Q

how does global warming causing a stress to glaciers affect us? and what 2 things can we do to minimise this

A

as they are a source of river production providing us with fresh water,
water conservation, and also UN has set up millennium gold for ensuring all people across dry parts of planet have access to safe clean water

66
Q

how does global warming causing a stress to glaciers affect us? and what 2 things can we do to minimise this

A

as they are a source of river production providing us with fresh water,
water conservation, and also UN has set up millennium gold for ensuring all people across dry parts of planet have access to safe clean water

Chemistryyy (40 decks)

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