Biology Food Tests And Important Extras Flashcards
what is starch tested by and what is the original colour?
iodine solution, orangey brown
what is glucose tested by and what is the original colour?
Benedict’s reagent/ solution, blue
what is protein tested by and what colour is it originally?
biuret solution/reagent, it is originally light blue
what is lipid tested by and what is the original colour?
ethanol solution, and original colour is colourless
what colour would a substance turn if it has starch in it?
blue black
what colour would a substance turn if it has glucose in it?
tomato/brick red
what colour would a substance turn if it has lipid in it?
milky white
what colour would a substance turn if it has protein in it?
pale purple
where does the vena cava bring blood from and to?
the body to the right atrium
where does the pulmonary artery bring blood from and to?
right ventricle to the lungs
where does the aorta bring blood from and to?
left ventricle to the rest of the body
where does the pulmonary bring blood from and to?
from the lungs to the left atrium
why does magnesium deficiency cause discolouration of leaves?
because it means less or no chlorophyll is made so the leaves turn yellow
how does magnesium deficiency cause stunted growth
as there is less chlorophyll, less photosynthesis takes place so less glucose is made - meaning less aerobic respiration for growth. also less amino acids and therefore proteins for growth
what does nitrate deficiency cause and WHY?
stunted growth, because nitrate ions are used to make amino acids (which are then made into proteins for growth) which is then used in photosynthesis so help plants grow
what is a tissue
a collection of similar/ the same cells
why may writers give a biased view of a particular drug?
as writers may get financial gain
if a coronary artery is blocked what happens due to lack of oxygen?
more anaerobic respiration, meaning lactic acid buildup and muscle fatigue
what else do statins do as well as thinning the blood?
they reduce cholesterol
if animals are vaccinated against salmonella, how does it stop humans getting infected?
as after the secondary response - animals are relatively immune, so less bacteria is produced, so doesn’t reach a high enough amount to infect
how are bacteria burst by cell lysis
water enters the bacterial cell wall by osmosis so damaged cell wall can’t withstand pressure of water and bursts
if there is an increase in muscle mass what does it do to your muscles?
they contract more
3 differences between malarial protists and prokaryote?
protist doesn’t have mitochondria
protists doesn’t have plasmids
protists doesn’t have a cell wall
in a question about sexual reproduction what word do you ALWAYS need to use?
meiosis and vice versa
what causes variation and give two examples?
MEIOSIS - crossing over and random fertilisation
in a question talking about photosynthesis what things do you always need to mention?!
products or reactants of photosynthesis
Order of zones in a pregnancy test
Reaction, results, control
Villi are specialized for ? and have extremely ? walls - are only ? cell thick. They have a plentiful ? supply to maintain a steep ? gradient. The intestine’s villi move in ?, contracting motions.
Each ? is made of a network of blood ? that are responsible for transporting ?like : glucose and ? acids into the blood
absorption, thin, one, blood, concentration, swaying,
villus, capillaries, nutrients, amino
3 things prokaryotes DO have and one they DONT??
- ribosomes, plasmids and a circular loop of DNA
- cellulose cell wall
two different types of focuses on a microscope
Course and fine
what are the lenses on a microscope called?
objective lenses
what’s the thing you look through called on a microscope?
eyepiece
what moves the stage closer or further from the lenses?
the diaphragm
thing that the slide is attached to and way of attaching it?
the stage, and stage clips
thing that the slide is attached to and way of attaching it?
the stage, and stage clips
light ? used to study living ? and for ? use when relatively low ? and ? is enough
microscopes, cells, regular, magnification, resolution
pros and cons of electron microscopes
- higher magnifications and resolutions
- can’t be used to see living cells
what are the two different types of electron microscopes and their functions?
- transmission electron microscopes- used to examine thin slices of cells/tissues, maximum magnification of 1,000,000, can reveal structures in cells that light microscopes can’t do , 1nm resolution
- scanning electron microscope - have a large depth of field - can examine surface structure, with 30,000 magnification and 50nm resolution
malaria symptoms
chills, fever, sweating, headaches, muscle aches and tiredness
what do eyes contain that act as a form of protection?
tears, which are an antiseptic and enzymes that can kill bacteria
what cells line the trachea and how do they help protect the body
cilia, move mucus and pathogens towards throat to be swallowed into stomach and then with hcl the stomach destroys pathogens
7 differences between xylem and phloem
- xylem : transpiration stream while phloem : translocation
- xylem are dead while phloem are living
- xylem are dead hollow tubes strengthened by lignin, whereas phloem are elongated cells with pores
- xylem transport water and minerals whereas phloem transport sugar
- xylem transport substances in one direction, whereas phloem transport in an active process so in either direction
- xylem transport water from the roots, while phloem transport water from the leaves
- xylem don’t have cytoplasm and are impermeable to water while phloem do have cytoplasm and have sieve plates which allow for some filtration
how big are bacteria
Around 1-2 micrometers
difference in dna in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes
The DNA in eukaryotes is stored within the nucleus, while DNA is stored in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
what do plasmids do
contain small rings of dna that can replicate and move between cells so that genetic information can be shared
how is a root hair cell specialised
has a thin cell wall, large SA, and many mitochondria for respiration
what is this the definition of : regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes
homeostasis
3 levels maintained by homeostasis?
body temp, blood glucose level and water content
3 levels maintained by homeostasis?
body temp, blood glucose level and water content
how to label brain?
Cerebrum is biggest part
Then looking a bit like a sting ray underneath is the hypothalamus and under that is the pituitary gland
The medulla is under the tail of the hypothalamus
The cerebellum is the weird fossil/ crustacean looking part
3 ways of measuring rate of photosynthesis in the lab
- rate of oxygen output
- rate of carbon dioxide uptake
- rate of carbohydrate production
what 3 main factor affect photosynthesis
- light intensity
- carbon dioxide concentration
- temperature
what is a limiting factor
a factor that without it will slow down the reaction
why is chlorophyll green
because the green part of the spectrum is reflected
what is the compensation point
the light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration
optimum temp for most plants photosynthesising is what
15-40 degrees and at around 50 the enzymes start to denature
One example of how factors may interact:
Rate of photosynthesis ? until factors become ?
Increase of ? dioxide concentration leads to the rate ? further and then ? factor becomes ?
If temp ? the rate can also be ?
Rate ? again till another factor becomes ?
increases, limiting
carbon, increasing, another, limiting
increases, increased
difference between embryo transplant cloning and selective breeding? (Use cows)
Cloning is where a cow is artificially inseminated and then her embryos are split into many smaller embryos which are implanted in surrogate cows
Selective breeding is where a cow and bull are allowed to mate and their young with the most required characteristics are bred with other young of similar characteristics and this happens until cows with all the characteristics are born
what to remember in a question about adult cell cloning?
Need to mention which animal the egg is from and which animal the nucleus is from AND REMEMBER TO TAKE DECNUCLEATE THE EGG
who came up with the Kingdom phylum class etc system
Linnaeus
If fossil b is below fossil a in rock what can we presume
Fossil a is older, but fossil b is more developed
What word do you need to ALWAYS mention in speciation or natural selection
Gene - the gene is passed on to their offspring and the gene becomes the norm!!!
4 main ways of reducing the spread of infectious disease
- improved hygiene, eg washing hands
- vaccination
- killing the vectors that carry said pathogens
- isolating/ quarantining people
ways that make small intestines good absorbers
- villi have large SA
- thin Wals of villi
- small intestine is very long increasing time for absorption
- good blood supply
- cell have many mitochondria for aerobic respiration
characteristics of Benedict’s
Have to react it with something and then boil it to work
why can animals with gills die in low oxygen conditions
Less metabolism
Less steep concentration gradient leading to less oxygen to diffuse into the gills
Lots less O2 for aerobic respiration meaning potentially more anaerobic respiration so more lactic acid build up
3 main ways of improving accuracy with the pondweed experiment
control the amount of CO2
repeat and calculate a mean
control the distance of the bulb from the pondweed
how does skin, stomach and eyes protect the body?
- Skin Acts as a Barrier, and oil on surface repels pathogens, and also formation of scabs
- eyes - produce tears which produce enzymes that kill bacteria and are antiseptic
- stomach - produce HCl which kills bacteria in food or swallowed mucus
3 main pros of electron vs light microscopes
higher magnification, higher resolution, 3D image
