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chemistryyy Flashcards

1
Q

Whose ideas did John Newlands build on on the periodic table ( in in 1864)

A

John Dalton’s

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2
Q

What idea of his did John Newlands use his periodic table to demonstrate

A

‘Law of Octaves’

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3
Q

What two things did Mendeleev do to his table that Newlands did not?

A

He left gaps in the table and predicted what the gaps would be
He also swapped the order of some of the elements

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4
Q

What two elements did Mendeleev swap round and why

A

Telerium and iodine because their atomic properties didn’t match their mass - although telerium has a higher atomic mass, iodine has a higher atomic number so he put that in front of tellurium on the periodic table

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5
Q

What similarities did Mendeleev and Newlands have with their periodic tables??

A

They both arranged it by mass

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6
Q

Why was Newland’s ideas not recognised why his peers (2 reasons)

A

Some boxes had two elements ( for no reason in particular)
He arranged it according to a piano (why?!)

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7
Q

3 important details between mendeleev’s table and the modern periodic table

A

1 - modern one is arranged by atomic number not atomic mass (mass number)
2 -modern one has no gaps, elements have been discovered
3 - in mendeleev’s table a whole group - noble gases - group 0/8 was omitted because they hadn’t been discovered yet

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8
Q

how many elements were there in mendeleev’s table compared to the modern one (roughly)

A

63, there are now 118

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9
Q

what is a group on the periodic table

A

a vertical column

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10
Q

what is a period on the periodic table

A

a horizontal row

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11
Q

what do elements in the same group have in common?

A

they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell and therefore have similar chemical properties

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12
Q

what do elements in the same period have in common?

A

they have the same number of electron shells, so therefore have similar chemical properties

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13
Q

where are the transition metals between

A

the elements in the gap between groups 2 and 3

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14
Q

what is the difference between metal and non- metal oxides

A

metal oxides are basic compounds, however non-metal oxides are acidic compounds

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15
Q

what is another name for the group 2 elements in the periodic table

A

Alkaline earth metals

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16
Q

what is another name for the group 1elements in the periodic table

A

Alkali metals

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17
Q

what is another name for the group 7 elements in the periodic table

A

halogens

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18
Q

what is another name for the group 0/8 elements in the periodic table

A

noble gases

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19
Q

make two comparisons of titanium and sulphur’s properties

A
  1. titanium is a shiny silvery metal, whereas sulphur is yellow solid (and non metal)
  2. titanium conducts electricity while sulphur does not
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20
Q

How does hardness change as you go down the group with alkali metals and why is this?

A

As you go down the group, the metals become softer and easier to cut - due to the metallic bond getting weaker

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21
Q

How does density change as you go down the group with alkali metals and why is this?

A

The elements get denser, because of the atoms of the elements increasing in size

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22
Q

which alkali metals are less dense than water

A

lithium, sodium and potassium

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23
Q

which alkali metals are denser than water

A

rubidium and caesium

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24
Q

do alkali metals have high or low boiling points?

A

low

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25
Q

how and why does the melting point change as you go down the alkali metals

A

it decreases, as the metallic bonding gets bigger due to the bigger atoms

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26
Q

why do alkali metals have to be stored in oil?

A

because they are very reactive and otherwise would react with the oxygen and water vapour in the air

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27
Q

metals go from shiny to ? when cut ( ad in the presence of oxygen)

A

dull, tarnished

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28
Q

5 things happen when alkali metals react with water:
1 - they ?
2 - Li, Na and K float on the ?
3 - Na and K ?
4 - ? Rb and Cs -> flame (fire)
5 - leaves behind a very ? solution at the end - pH 14, cause by ? ion

A

fizz, surface, melt, K, alkaline, OH-

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29
Q

give a word equation for what happens when lithium reacts with water

A

lithium + water -> lithium hydroxide + hydrogen

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30
Q

what gas is given off after a reaction between an alkali metal and water

A

hydrogen

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31
Q

give a balanced symbol equation for a reaction between lithium and water :

A

2Li + 2H2O-> 2LiOH +H2

32
Q

what happens to the reactivity of alkali metals as you go down the group and why?

A

they get more and more reactive, as the electron in the outer shell gets further away from the nucleus so is less attracted to it and therefore gets easier to lose

33
Q

3 common features of alkali metal compounds ( eg NaCl )

A

they are white solids, they are always soluble in water, when dissolved in water they are always colourless

34
Q

what type of molecules do elements in group 7 form

A

diatomic molecules

35
Q

as you go down the halogens, what happens to the melting and boiling points??

A

they increase

36
Q

what colour is fluorine as a pure element

A

pale yellow

37
Q

what colour is chlorine as an element and as dissolved in water

A

green as pure element, and pale green in water

38
Q

what colour is bromine as a pure element and dissolved in water

A

red/brown as a pure element and orange in water

39
Q

what colour is iodine as a pure element and as dissolved in water

A

grey, shiny (solid) and brown in water

40
Q

what colour is astatine as a pure element

A

black

41
Q

what happens to the covalent bonds as you go down the halogens

A

they get weaker

42
Q

why does the melting points of halogens get higher as you go down the group?

A

because as you go down the group the intermolecular forces between the (diatomic) molecules get stronger and so require more energy to break them therefore higher melting (and boiling) points

43
Q

what type of compound is formed when a halogen reacts with a metal and what type of bonding is this

A

a halide, ionic bonding

44
Q

a halide reaction is called direct ? as two ? simply combine to form a ?

A

combination, elements, compound

45
Q

give a word equation for the direct combination reaction between aluminium and chlorine :

A

aluminium + chlorine -> aluminium chloride

46
Q

what is it called when an element gains electrons

A

reduction

47
Q

what is it called when an elements loses electrons

A

oxidation

48
Q

Al has gone to Al3+, is this reduction or oxidation - and write a half equation to show this

A

oxidation, as Al has lost 3 electrons - Al -> Al3+ + 3e-

49
Q

what happens to the reactivity of the halogens as you go down the group

A

they get less and less reactive

50
Q

is the trend for reactivity in group 1 and group 7 the same or different, why?

A

different as in group 7 it works the opposite as halogens need to gain an electron so halogens at the top of the group have smaller atoms - so therefore a greater attraction to the nucleus making it easier for them to gain an electron and making them more reactive

51
Q

What two things do displacement reactions need to take place

A

A halogen element - eg chlorine (Cl2)
A compound of another halogen - eg sodium bromine (NaBr)

52
Q

in displacement reactions a ? reactive halogen element will displace a ? reactive halogen from the compound

A

more, less

53
Q

what causes colour change in a displacement reaction?

A

the leftover halogen element product

54
Q

in a displacement reaction eg : chlorine + sodium bromide -> sodium chloride + bromine which part would cause colour change

A

bromine - would cause a yellow orange colour to form

55
Q

Group 0/8 - the ? gases are all ? gases with a full ? shell of electrons

A

noble, unreactive, outer

56
Q

What type of molecules/atoms do noble gases exist as

A

monatomic - single atoms

57
Q

noble gases are all colourless at ? temperature and as their atomic number increases their densities and ? points also increase

A

room, boiling

58
Q

how does the force of attraction between noble gas atoms change

A

they increase with atom size, therefore melting point increases

59
Q

what are the forces between noble gas atoms called

A

van der waal forces

60
Q

noble gases : as the ? mass increases, the boiling point also ? due to ? forces between atoms

A

atomic, increases, large/strong

61
Q

what is helium used in and why

A

1 - balloons - low density - floats
2 - diving - can dive lower - helium insoluble in blood

62
Q

Why is helium being insoluble in blood such a good thing

A

using nitrogen instead causes small bubbles in the blood can lead to bends ( a dangerous medical condition) helium does not do this !

63
Q

what is neon used for

A

neon lights

64
Q

what is argon used in??

A

lightbulbs - prevents filament from burning

65
Q

what are both krypton and xenon used in..?

A

lasers

66
Q

what is radon and how does it cause problems when you are in its presence

A

a radioactive gas, can cause cancer is a health hazard in general

67
Q

transition metals have ? properties because as you go across the rows an ? electron shell ( the ? shell) is being filled

A

similar, inner, 3rd

68
Q

the 3rd shell can hold a max of ? electrons once the 4th shell holds at least ? electrons

A

18, 2

69
Q

transition metals have many typical physical properties of metals, what are they? (give 4 answers)

A

good conductor of electricity
ductile and malleable
shiny
sonorous (sounds nice)

70
Q

transition metals are ? reactive than main block ? (eg: sodium and magnesium)
transition metals are also good ? meaning they can speed up a reaction without being used up

A

less, metals, catalysts

71
Q

t metals also form compounds which are ?, eg copper sulphate is ? , these compounds are used as a ? when making pottery. also when in the presence of carbon dioxide and moisture ( from ?) , copper reacts to produce a ? film which is called verdigris and is found on statues eg statue of ?

A

coloured, blue, dye, air, green, Liberty

72
Q

t metals can also produce more than one ?, eg: ?can only form one ion - Mg2+, while copper can form two - Cu+ and ? and iron forms ? as well - ? and Fe3+

A

ion, magnesium, Cu2+, two, Fe2+

73
Q

why are iron and steel used in construction

A

are transition metals - very strong, malleable ductile able to be drawn into a line and made into things and are far less reactive than other metals so won’t decay or react with the air as much

74
Q

why are some saucepans made out of copper

A

copper is a good conductor of electricity and so it heats up the water more quickly

75
Q

how to test for chlorine

A

damp blue litmus paper will turn white

76
Q

what gas dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid

A

hydrogen chloride

77
Q

what is a redox reaction

A

a reaction with reduction and oxidation in it - a reaction where electrons are lost and gained!!

Chemistryyy (40 decks)

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