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Bacteriology > Pathogen Host Interaction and Disease Process > Flashcards

Pathogen Host Interaction and Disease Process Flashcards

1
Q

Host provides what for bacteria

A
  • Physical requirements

- Chemical requirements

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2
Q

Bacterial flora

A

Different in different locations

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3
Q

Where is there no natural bacterial flora

A

Internal organs, lymph, blood, or nerve tissue

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4
Q

Types of interactions between host and bacteria

A
  • Mutualism (symbiosis)
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
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5
Q

Commensals

A

Don’t harm but can help through bacterial antagonism

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6
Q

Bacterial antagonism

A

Compete for attachment nutrients or produce substances that inhibit other bacteria

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7
Q

Colonization Resistance

A

Concept used to prevent bacterial infections or diseases (probiotics)

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8
Q

Probiotics

A

Beneficial bacteria through competitive exclusion/ bacterial antagonism

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9
Q

Saprophyte

A

Organisms that don’t cause disease

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10
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of disease

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11
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Pathogen must be present if there is disease
  2. Pathogen must be isolated from host and grown in culture
  3. Pathogen must cause disease when inoculated into host
  4. Pathogen must be recover from inoculated host
    * exceptions to these rules
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12
Q

Molecular Postulates

A

Gene level

  1. Virulence gene or product found in pathogenic strains
  2. loss of virulence gene should convert to nonpathogenic strains
  3. Incorporation of virulence gene should convert nonpatho to pathogenic strain
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13
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Process in which pathogen causes disease

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14
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Capacity of an organism to cause disease

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15
Q

Virulence

A

Relative pathogenecity

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16
Q

Virulence factors

A

Substances contained in or secreted by the bacteria that damage the host

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17
Q

Attenuation

A

Reduction in virulence

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18
Q

Invasiveness

A

Ability to enter, establish and spread in the body

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19
Q

Primary pathogen

A

Causes disease on its own

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20
Q

Secondary pathogen

A

Follows a primary pathogen and on its own, may or may not, cause disease

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21
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Causes disease only when conditions are favorable

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22
Q

Obligate intracellular pathogen

A

Grows and multiplies only inside cells

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23
Q

Facultative intracellular pathogen

A

Grows and multiplies inside and outside cells

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24
Q

Mechanisms of intracellular survival

A
  1. Escape phagosome
  2. Inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion
  3. Survive harsh conditions
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25
Q

Infection

A

Invasion or colonization by a pathogen may not result in disease

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26
Q

Disease

A

Change from a state of health

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27
Q

Infectious disease

A

Caused by a microorganism

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28
Q

Contagious disease

A

Spread readily by contact

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29
Q

Primary infection

A

Infection in a previously healthy host

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30
Q

Secondary infection

A

Occurs along or following an infection

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31
Q

Exogenous infection

A

Bacteria originate outside of animal

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32
Q

Endogenous infection

A

Bacteria originate within the animal

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33
Q

Latent infection

A

Pathogen remains inactive until the conditions are favorable

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34
Q

Zoonotic infection

A

Animal infects human

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35
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Acquired in hospital

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36
Q

Sporadic disease

A

Occurs occasionally

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37
Q

Endemic disease

A

Consistently present in a population

38
Q

Epidemic disease

A

Occurs in a large number of individuals in a population

39
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide

40
Q

Peracute

A

Higher degree of acute disease

41
Q

Acute

A

Rapid onset, usually sever and last for short period of time

42
Q

Chronic

A

Slow onset, less severe lasts longer

43
Q

Subacute or subclinical

A

Mild with no overt signs or symptoms

44
Q

Localized

A

Confined to small area

45
Q

Systemic

A

Spreads through body via blood or lymph

46
Q

Focal infection

A

Bacteria from local infection enter lymph or blood to set up local infection in other parts of the body

47
Q

Bactermia

A

Bacteria circulating in blood

48
Q

Septicemia

A

Bacteria multiplying in the blood

49
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxin is circulating in the blood

50
Q

Illness

A

Disease state see signs and symptoms

51
Q

Symptoms

A

Effects of disease from patient

52
Q

Signs

A

Effects observed from pt

53
Q

Convalescence

A

Period of recovery

54
Q

Requirements for infection

A
  • Enter host
  • Evade or compromise host defenses
  • Multiply and get established
  • Damage host
55
Q

Portals of entry

A
  1. Skin
    2 Mucous membrane
  2. Direct deposit below skin or mucous membrane
56
Q

Modes of infection

A
  • Ingestion
  • Inhalation
  • Venereal
  • Vector-born
  • Direct entry
57
Q

Colonization

A

Growth after attachment

58
Q

Invasion

A

Internal spread beyond site of entry

59
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Cell to cell communication to control cell density mediated by small molecules that once at high enough numbers virulence genes are expressed

60
Q

Mechanisms of invasion

A
  • Enzymes (proteases, hyaluronidase, collagenase)

- Penetration of mucous membranes between cells (endocytosis, M cells)

61
Q

Ways to cause cell death

A
  • Disrupt cell membrane
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • Cell lysis by intracellular bacteria
  • Recruitment of NK cells
62
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Break down hyaluronic acid in cell matrix

63
Q

Mechanisms of adherence to host cells

A
  • Pili adhesions
  • Outer membrane proteins adhesions
  • Capsular attachment
64
Q

Coagulase

A

Causes fibrin formation and protects bacteria from host

65
Q

Streptokinase

A

Fibrinolytic enzyme breaks down blood clots

66
Q

Toxins

A

Cause damage to tissues or trigger immune response that causes damage. Endotoxin or exotoxins

67
Q

Exotoxins

A

Produced by both Gram positive and negative. Genes usually carried on bacteriophages or plasmids. Many have enzyme activity. Cell secretes it

68
Q

Endotoxins

A

Only gram negative make. Part of the cell

69
Q

Groups of exotoxins based on mechanism of action

A
  • Cell membrane disruption
  • protein synthesis inhibitor
  • Second messenger pathway disruption
  • Superantigens
  • Proteases
70
Q

What are the names of exotoxins based off of

A
  • Target cell (hemolysin)
  • Target tissue or system (neurotoxin)
  • Based on disease (tetanus toxin)
  • Named after bacteria (botulinum)
71
Q

Toxins that cause cell membrane damage

A
  • Hemolysins
  • Leukotoxins
  • Cytotoxins
  • Pore forming toxins
72
Q

Toxins that disrupt protein synthesis

A

Cytotoxic

  • Shiga toxins
  • Diphtheria toxin
73
Q

Toxins that disrupt second messenger path

A

Interfere with cAMP and cGMP

-Enterotoxins

74
Q

Toxins that form superantigens

A

Activate immune system in intense way. Stimulate T cells and release cytokines

  • S aureus-toxic shock protein
  • Enterotoxins in food poisening
75
Q

Protease toxins

A
  • Tetanus toxin from C. tetani

- Botulinum from C. botulinum

76
Q

Types of exotoxins based on structure

A

A-B toxin

RTX toxin

77
Q

A-B toxins

A
  • Shiga toxin
  • Enterotoxin
  • Neurotoxins
78
Q

Shiga toxin

A

Inhibit protein synthesis made by Shigella dysenteriae and some E. coli A-B toxin

79
Q

Enterotoxins

A

Has enzyme ADP-ribosyl transferase and causes diarrhea found in E. coli and Salmonella enterica. Disrupts second messengers. A-B toxin

80
Q

Neurotoxins

A

A-B toxin. Proteases that block release of neurotransmitters

  • Tetanus toxin
  • Botulinum toxin
81
Q

RTX toxin

A

Produced by some gram negative. Have repeated glycine or aspartic rich sequences

  • Hemolysins
  • Leukotoxins
  • Etc
82
Q

Targets for diagnosis by PCR

A

Virulence genes

83
Q

Pathogenicity islands

A

Cluster of multiple genes that code for virulence factors. Don’t see in nonpathogenic bacteria. Inherit through horizontal transmission

84
Q

Endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide from gram negative cell

85
Q

Major effects of endotoxins

A
  • Fever (IL 1 and prostaglandins)
  • Intravascular coagulation
  • Shock
86
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Activation of blood clotting proteins that block capillary blood flow resulting in decreased blood supply and tissue necrosis

87
Q

Endotoxic shock

A
  • Loss of blood pressure
  • release TNF causes damaged capillaries
  • Increased permeability and loss of fluids
88
Q

Assay for endotoxins

A

Use limulus amoebocyte lysate that forms a gel in the presence of endotoxin and is very sensitive

89
Q

When is Endotoxin secreted

A

Released upon cell death

90
Q

Portals of exit

A

Related to site of infection and same as the portals of entry

Bacteriology (29 decks)

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