Genetics

Question 1

Purines

Answer 1

• Adenine

- Guanine

Question 2

Pyrimidine

Answer 2

• Uracil
• Cytosine
• Thymine

Question 3

Which NT bonding is more stable?

Answer 3

GC 3 H bonds

Question 4

Denaturation

Answer 4

Separation of strands by breaking H bonds

Question 5

Annealing

Answer 5

Coming together of strands by forming H bonds

Question 6

Hybridization

Answer 6

Formation of ds by complementary base pairings of two ss

Question 7

DNA supercoiling

Answer 7

Twisting of dsDNA allows for packing

Question 8

Toposiomerase I

Answer 8

Cleaves one strand of DNA to cause relaxation

Question 9

Topoisomerase II

Answer 9

Cleaves both strand to cause supercoiling (DNA Gyrase)

Question 10

DNA Gyrase

Answer 10

Cleave both strands of of DNA and a target for certain antibiotics

Question 11

Drugs that target DNA gyrase

Answer 11

• Quinolone
• Fluoroquinolone (enrofloxacin)
• Novobiocin

Question 12

Copy number

Answer 12

Number of plasmids per cell

Question 13

Transposons

Answer 13

Jumping genes. Genes that move from site to site on the same or different chromosome

Question 14

Why are transposons important

Answer 14

Can move antibiotic resistance to different bacteria and allow spreading of resistance if introduced into plasmids or viruses

Question 15

Types of transposons

Answer 15

• Insertion sequences (code for transposase gene)

- Transposons

Question 16

What are bacteriophages

Answer 16

Viruses that infect bacteria. Can be DNA or RNA, ds or ss

Question 17

Types of bacteriophages

Answer 17

• Lytic

- Lysogenic

Question 18

Which bacteriophage causes immediate syntheses of bacteriophage DNA?

Answer 18

Lytic

Question 19

What bacteriophage cycle incorporates its DNA into the bacteria and then divides through cell division?

Answer 19

Lysogenic

Question 20

Phage conversion

Answer 20

Presence of prophage confers new properties

Question 21

Phage immunity

Answer 21

Presence of prophage prevents infection by the same phage

Question 22

What is phage therapy

Answer 22

Therapeutic use of phages to treat bacterial infections could have less affect on normal bacterial flora due to high specificity of the phages. Bacteria can develop resistance to it though

Question 23

Mutation

Answer 23

Changes in NT that is inherited. Can be good or bad

Question 24

Recombination

Answer 24

Genes from two different genomes combine

Question 25

Vertical gene transfer

Answer 25

Mother to daughter cell recombination

Question 26

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 26

Donor to recipient cell recombination

Question 27

Auxotroph mutant

Answer 27

Mutant that lacks ability to make required nutrient and needs it to be provided

Question 28

Point mutation

Answer 28

Change in single base or NT. Phenotypic change dependent on where it is

Question 29

Frameshift mutation

Answer 29

Insertion or deletion of several bp

Question 30

What are the mechanisms of genetic recombination

Answer 30

• Transformation
• Transduction
• Conjugation

Question 31

Transformation

Answer 31

incorporation of free DNA into recipient

Question 32

Competent bacteria

Answer 32

Able to be transformed

Question 33

Transduction

Answer 33

DNA transfer by bacteriophage. Can be generalized or specialized

Question 34

Conjugation

Answer 34

DNA transfer from cell to cell contact mediated by conjugative plasmid cell. Donor cell has the conjugated plasmid that it gives to recipient