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Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotic

A

Substance produced by a microorganism (fungi or bacterial) that interferes with microbial growth or survival

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2
Q

Examples of antibiotics

A

Penicillin (fungi) Streptomycin (streptomyces)

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3
Q

Antimicrobial agents

A

Synthetic agents, not true antibiotics. Chemical substance that inhibit growth or kills a microorganism

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4
Q

Antimicrobial use in animals

A

-Therapy
-Prophylaxis
-Metaphylaxis
-Growth promotion

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5
Q

Classification of antimicrobial agents based on…

A

-Class of microorganisms
-Chemistry and structure
-Spectrum of activity
-Mechanism of action

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6
Q

Class of microorganisms

A

-Antibacterial
-Antifungal
-Antiviral

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7
Q

Chemistry and structure types

A

-Natural
-Semisynthetic
-Synthetic

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8
Q

Streptomyces

A

Soil bacterium where many antibiotics is made

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9
Q

Advantage of narrow spectrum

A

Selective inhibition

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10
Q

Pros and cons of broad spectrum

A

-pro: don’t need to know exact identity
-Con: May inhibit normal flora and lead to superinfection

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11
Q

Generations of antibiotis

A

Start as a natural antibiotic in the first generation. Subsequent generation are better as far as efficacy, broad spectrum, long acting, and less resistance

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12
Q

Mechanism of antimicrobial action classification

A

Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic

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13
Q

MBC

A

Minimum concentration needed to kill

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14
Q

MIC

A

Minimum concentration needed to inhibit

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15
Q

What are the mechanism of antimicrobial action

A
  1. Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
  2. inhibit cell wall synthesis
  3. antimetabolites
  4. Inhibit protein synthesis
  5. Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
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16
Q

Types of antimicrobial resistance

A

-Natural
-Acquired

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17
Q

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

A
  1. Target modification
  2. Destroy or inactivate antibiotic usually with enzymes
  3. Develop resistant biochemical pathway
  4. Efflux pumps
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18
Q

Some broad spectrum antibiotics

A

-New penicillins
-Fluoroquinolones
-Phenicols
-Tetracyclines

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19
Q

Ways to transfer antibiotic resistance

A

-transformation
-transduction
-conjugation
through plasmids or transposons

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20
Q

Integrons

A

Mobile genetic element usually on plasmids that consists of integrase, gene attachment site, and resistant genes

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21
Q

Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

-B-lactams
-Glycopeptide
-Polypeptide

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22
Q

B-lactam antibiotics

A

-Penicillins
-Cephalosporins
-Carbapenems

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23
Q

Penicillin action

A

Inhibit cross-link between glycan molecules in peptidoclycan

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24
Q

Penicillin microbial target

A

-Natural: Gram +
-Semisynthetic: gram + and -

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25
Penicillinase
Bacteria produce to be resistant to penicillin
26
First generation cephalosporins
Gram + bacteria
27
Second generation cephalosporins
Gram + and -
28
Ceftiofur
Third generation cephalosporin. Broad spectrum. treat respiratory infection in livestock and horses
29
Resistance to cephalosporins
-Penicillinase (beta lactamases -Modified penicillin-binding proteins -Reduced permeability and increased efflux
30
MRSA
Resistant to all B lactams
31
Carbapenems
B-lactam. Broad spectrum. Used a lot in humans, some small animal types
32
beta lactamase inhibitors
Irreversibly bind to beta lactamases combined with ampicillin or amoxicellin
33
Polypeptide antibiotics
Bacitracin
34
Bacitracin
Gram +. Inhibit cell wall synthesis by interfering with synthesis of linear strands of peptidoglycan. Usually used topically with neomycin and polymixin
35
Glycopeptides
Vancomycin
36
Vancomycin
Gram + inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking cross links. Used for MRSA, usually the last thing you reach for. Not approved in animals. Extra label use
37
Protein synthesis inhibitors
-Phenicols -Macrolides -Tetracyclines -Pleuromutilins -Lincosamides -Aminoglycosides -Aminocyclitols
38
Aminoglycoside drugs
-Amikacin -Gentamicin -Neomycin -Streptomycin
39
Aminoglycosides
Gram -. Require oxygen transport into cell. Doesn't work on anaerobes. Synergistic with beta lactams
40
Neomycin
Used rally for enteric infections
41
Streptomycin
Used to be used for mycobacterial infections but developed resistance to because of N-acetyl transferase and phosphorylase
42
Aminocyclitols
Only one used in vet med is spectinomycin. Broad spectrum. Bacteriostatic. Not used as much because of resistance
43
Natural macrolides drugs
-Erythromycin -Spiromycin -Tylosin
44
Macrolides
Gram + can't penetrate Gram - wall
45
Macrolide resistance
Comes from erm class
46
Tylosin
Only used in animals. Used to treat swine dysentery, cattle for multiple infections, and feedlot cattle to prevent liver abscesses
47
Tilmicosin
Used to treat respiratory infections in cattle and swine and metaphylaxis in feedlot cattle
48
Tilmicosin in people
Very toxic and will kill you
49
Semisynthetic macrolides
-Azithromycin -Clarithromycin -Gamithromycin -Tylovalsoin
50
Tylvalosin
Treat pneumonia from mycoplasma in swine and other swine diseases
51
Tetracyclines
First broad spectrum. Resistance to this is common. Bacteriostatic
52
Natural tetracyclines
-Tetracycline -Chlortetracylcine -Oxytetracycline
53
Semisynthetic tetracyclines
-Doxycyclines
54
Tetracycline resistance
tet gene
55
Phenicols
Inhibit protein synthesis
56
Chloramphenicol
Natural. Broad spectrum and mycoplasma, chlamydia, and richettsia
57
Chloramphenicol toxicity
Toxic to humans prohibited in food animals
58
Resistance to chloramphenicol
Seen in Gram + and -. Enzymatic inactivation
59
Florfenicol
Synthetic Broad spectrum. Only used ins animals for respiratory infections in livestock
60
Pleuromutilins
Only used in animals. Used for anaerobes and mycoplasma. Inhibit protein synthesis, bacteriostatic
61
Tiamulin
Semisynthetic, pleuromutilin. Used for dysentery in swine and mycoplasma pneumonia
62
Lincosamides
Most gram - are resistant. Inhibit protein synthesis. Bacteriostatic
63
Lincomycin
Used in swine and poultry (lincosamide)
64
Clindamycin
Semisynthetic lincomycin. Used in small animals for anaerobic infections and soft tissue infection by S. aureus
65
Pirlimycin
Used only in animals. Gram +, use to treat mastitis (lincosamide)
66
Orthosomycins
Inhibit protein synthesis. Primarily Gram +. Used for enteritis in chickens and pigs
67
Streptogramins
Inhibit protein synthesis
68
Virginiamycin
(streptogramins)Gram + used in swine and pigs for growth and to prevent enteritis
69
Polymixins
Disrupt cytoplasmic membrane. Gram -, bactericidal. Used topically. Can bind to endotoxins
70
Colistin
Type of polymixin. Only for gram -. Not used in animals here
71
Colistin resistance
mcr-1. public health concern
72
Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
-Novobiocin -Rifamycin -Quinolones -Fluoroquinolones -Nitrofurans -Nitroimidazoles -Quinoxaline
73
Rifamycin
Bactericidal for Gram + inhibit mRNA
74
Rifampin
Pentrate tissues and encapsulate abscesses. Used for tuberculosis and leprosy
75
Novobiocin
Inhibits DNA gyrase (DNA supercoiling). Effective against S. aureus used with penicillins and tetracyclines
76
Quinolones
Synthetic. Gram -. Not clinically used
77
Fluoroquinolones
Two groups (narrow and broad). Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. Bactericidal
78
Enrofloxacin
Exclusively for animals. Gastrointestinal, soft tissue and respiratory infections
79
Resistance to fluoroquinolones
Target modification, decreased permeability, efflux pumps
80
Nitroimidazole
Inhibit DNA synthesis. Effective against anaerobes and protozoa
81
Metronidazole
(Nitroimidazole) used in companion animals
82
Carbadox
Used for growth promotion. Carcinogen, but we still use
83
Antimetabolite drugs
Sulfonamides and Diaminopryimidines
84
Sulfonamides
Prevent folic acid synthesis. Broad spectrum, bacteriostatic
85
Diaminopyrimidines
Interferes with folic acid, broad spectrum bacteriostatic. Used with sulfa drugs
86
Isoniazid
Synthetic antimicrobial compound. Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
87
Ionophore antibiotics
No human use. Anticoccidiostats for growth promotion
88
Bambermycin
Gram +. Used for growth promotion in livestock
89
Why do we use combinations of anitbiotis
-Polymicrobial infections -Serious infections -Overcome destruction of antibiotics -Decrease toxicity

Bacteriology (29 decks)

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