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Bacteriology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotic

A

Substance produced by a microorganism (fungi or bacterial) that interferes with microbial growth or survival

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2
Q

Examples of antibiotics

A

Penicillin (fungi) Streptomycin (streptomyces)

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3
Q

Antimicrobial agents

A

Synthetic agents, not true antibiotics. Chemical substance that inhibit growth or kills a microorganism

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4
Q

Antimicrobial use in animals

A

-Therapy
-Prophylaxis
-Metaphylaxis
-Growth promotion

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5
Q

Classification of antimicrobial agents based on…

A

-Class of microorganisms
-Chemistry and structure
-Spectrum of activity
-Mechanism of action

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6
Q

Class of microorganisms

A

-Antibacterial
-Antifungal
-Antiviral

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7
Q

Chemistry and structure types

A

-Natural
-Semisynthetic
-Synthetic

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8
Q

Streptomyces

A

Soil bacterium where many antibiotics is made

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9
Q

Advantage of narrow spectrum

A

Selective inhibition

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10
Q

Pros and cons of broad spectrum

A

-pro: don’t need to know exact identity
-Con: May inhibit normal flora and lead to superinfection

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11
Q

Generations of antibiotis

A

Start as a natural antibiotic in the first generation. Subsequent generation are better as far as efficacy, broad spectrum, long acting, and less resistance

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12
Q

Mechanism of antimicrobial action classification

A

Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic

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13
Q

MBC

A

Minimum concentration needed to kill

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14
Q

MIC

A

Minimum concentration needed to inhibit

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15
Q

What are the mechanism of antimicrobial action

A
  1. Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
  2. inhibit cell wall synthesis
  3. antimetabolites
  4. Inhibit protein synthesis
  5. Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
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16
Q

Types of antimicrobial resistance

A

-Natural
-Acquired

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17
Q

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

A
  1. Target modification
  2. Destroy or inactivate antibiotic usually with enzymes
  3. Develop resistant biochemical pathway
  4. Efflux pumps
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18
Q

Some broad spectrum antibiotics

A

-New penicillins
-Fluoroquinolones
-Phenicols
-Tetracyclines

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19
Q

Ways to transfer antibiotic resistance

A

-transformation
-transduction
-conjugation
through plasmids or transposons

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20
Q

Integrons

A

Mobile genetic element usually on plasmids that consists of integrase, gene attachment site, and resistant genes

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21
Q

Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

-B-lactams
-Glycopeptide
-Polypeptide

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22
Q

B-lactam antibiotics

A

-Penicillins
-Cephalosporins
-Carbapenems

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23
Q

Penicillin action

A

Inhibit cross-link between glycan molecules in peptidoclycan

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24
Q

Penicillin microbial target

A

-Natural: Gram +
-Semisynthetic: gram + and -

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25
Q

Penicillinase

A

Bacteria produce to be resistant to penicillin

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26
Q

First generation cephalosporins

A

Gram + bacteria

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27
Q

Second generation cephalosporins

A

Gram + and -

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28
Q

Ceftiofur

A

Third generation cephalosporin. Broad spectrum. treat respiratory infection in livestock and horses

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29
Q

Resistance to cephalosporins

A

-Penicillinase (beta lactamases
-Modified penicillin-binding proteins
-Reduced permeability and increased efflux

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30
Q

MRSA

A

Resistant to all B lactams

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31
Q

Carbapenems

A

B-lactam. Broad spectrum. Used a lot in humans, some small animal types

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32
Q

beta lactamase inhibitors

A

Irreversibly bind to beta lactamases combined with ampicillin or amoxicellin

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33
Q

Polypeptide antibiotics

A

Bacitracin

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34
Q

Bacitracin

A

Gram +. Inhibit cell wall synthesis by interfering with synthesis of linear strands of peptidoglycan. Usually used topically with neomycin and polymixin

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35
Q

Glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

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36
Q

Vancomycin

A

Gram + inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking cross links. Used for MRSA, usually the last thing you reach for. Not approved in animals. Extra label use

37
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors

A

-Phenicols
-Macrolides
-Tetracyclines
-Pleuromutilins
-Lincosamides
-Aminoglycosides
-Aminocyclitols

38
Q

Aminoglycoside drugs

A

-Amikacin
-Gentamicin
-Neomycin
-Streptomycin

39
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Gram -. Require oxygen transport into cell. Doesn’t work on anaerobes. Synergistic with beta lactams

40
Q

Neomycin

A

Used rally for enteric infections

41
Q

Streptomycin

A

Used to be used for mycobacterial infections but developed resistance to because of N-acetyl transferase and phosphorylase

42
Q

Aminocyclitols

A

Only one used in vet med is spectinomycin. Broad spectrum. Bacteriostatic. Not used as much because of resistance

43
Q

Natural macrolides drugs

A

-Erythromycin
-Spiromycin
-Tylosin

44
Q

Macrolides

A

Gram + can’t penetrate Gram - wall

45
Q

Macrolide resistance

A

Comes from erm class

46
Q

Tylosin

A

Only used in animals. Used to treat swine dysentery, cattle for multiple infections, and feedlot cattle to prevent liver abscesses

47
Q

Tilmicosin

A

Used to treat respiratory infections in cattle and swine and metaphylaxis in feedlot cattle

48
Q

Tilmicosin in people

A

Very toxic and will kill you

49
Q

Semisynthetic macrolides

A

-Azithromycin
-Clarithromycin
-Gamithromycin
-Tylovalsoin

50
Q

Tylvalosin

A

Treat pneumonia from mycoplasma in swine and other swine diseases

51
Q

Tetracyclines

A

First broad spectrum. Resistance to this is common. Bacteriostatic

52
Q

Natural tetracyclines

A

-Tetracycline
-Chlortetracylcine
-Oxytetracycline

53
Q

Semisynthetic tetracyclines

A

-Doxycyclines

54
Q

Tetracycline resistance

A

tet gene

55
Q

Phenicols

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

56
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Natural. Broad spectrum and mycoplasma, chlamydia, and richettsia

57
Q

Chloramphenicol toxicity

A

Toxic to humans prohibited in food animals

58
Q

Resistance to chloramphenicol

A

Seen in Gram + and -. Enzymatic inactivation

59
Q

Florfenicol

A

Synthetic Broad spectrum. Only used ins animals for respiratory infections in livestock

60
Q

Pleuromutilins

A

Only used in animals. Used for anaerobes and mycoplasma. Inhibit protein synthesis, bacteriostatic

61
Q

Tiamulin

A

Semisynthetic, pleuromutilin. Used for dysentery in swine and mycoplasma pneumonia

62
Q

Lincosamides

A

Most gram - are resistant. Inhibit protein synthesis. Bacteriostatic

63
Q

Lincomycin

A

Used in swine and poultry (lincosamide)

64
Q

Clindamycin

A

Semisynthetic lincomycin. Used in small animals for anaerobic infections and soft tissue infection by S. aureus

65
Q

Pirlimycin

A

Used only in animals. Gram +, use to treat mastitis (lincosamide)

66
Q

Orthosomycins

A

Inhibit protein synthesis. Primarily Gram +. Used for enteritis in chickens and pigs

67
Q

Streptogramins

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

68
Q

Virginiamycin

A

(streptogramins)Gram + used in swine and pigs for growth and to prevent enteritis

69
Q

Polymixins

A

Disrupt cytoplasmic membrane. Gram -, bactericidal. Used topically. Can bind to endotoxins

70
Q

Colistin

A

Type of polymixin. Only for gram -. Not used in animals here

71
Q

Colistin resistance

A

mcr-1. public health concern

72
Q

Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

-Novobiocin
-Rifamycin
-Quinolones
-Fluoroquinolones
-Nitrofurans
-Nitroimidazoles
-Quinoxaline

73
Q

Rifamycin

A

Bactericidal for Gram + inhibit mRNA

74
Q

Rifampin

A

Pentrate tissues and encapsulate abscesses. Used for tuberculosis and leprosy

75
Q

Novobiocin

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase (DNA supercoiling). Effective against S. aureus used with penicillins and tetracyclines

76
Q

Quinolones

A

Synthetic. Gram -. Not clinically used

77
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Two groups (narrow and broad). Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. Bactericidal

78
Q

Enrofloxacin

A

Exclusively for animals. Gastrointestinal, soft tissue and respiratory infections

79
Q

Resistance to fluoroquinolones

A

Target modification, decreased permeability, efflux pumps

80
Q

Nitroimidazole

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis. Effective against anaerobes and protozoa

81
Q

Metronidazole

A

(Nitroimidazole) used in companion animals

82
Q

Carbadox

A

Used for growth promotion. Carcinogen, but we still use

83
Q

Antimetabolite drugs

A

Sulfonamides and Diaminopryimidines

84
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Prevent folic acid synthesis. Broad spectrum, bacteriostatic

85
Q

Diaminopyrimidines

A

Interferes with folic acid, broad spectrum bacteriostatic. Used with sulfa drugs

86
Q

Isoniazid

A

Synthetic antimicrobial compound. Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

87
Q

Ionophore antibiotics

A

No human use. Anticoccidiostats for growth promotion

88
Q

Bambermycin

A

Gram +. Used for growth promotion in livestock

89
Q

Why do we use combinations of anitbiotis

A

-Polymicrobial infections
-Serious infections
-Overcome destruction of antibiotics
-Decrease toxicity

Bacteriology (29 decks)

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