packet 7

Question 1

Cells of the body are serviced by 2 fluids

Answer 1

blood

interstitial fluid

Question 2

composed of plasma and a variety of cells

Answer 2

blood

Question 3

bathes the cell of the body

Answer 3

interstitial fluid

Question 4

Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood into

Answer 4

interstitial fluid & then into the cells

Question 5

function of blood

Answer 5

transportation
regulation
protection from disease and loss of blood

Question 6

Transportation of

Answer 6

O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormones

Question 7

helps regulate pH through buffers
helps regulate body temperature
coolant properties of water
vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
helps regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins

Answer 7

regulation

Question 8

Thicker (more viscous) than water and flows more slowly than water
Temperature of 100.4 degrees F
pH 7.4 (7.35-7.45)
8 % of total body weight
Blood volume
5 to 6 liters in average male
4 to 5 liters in average female
hormonal negative feedback systems maintain constant blood volume and osmotic pressure

Answer 8

physical characteristics of blood

Question 9

55% plasma
45% cells
**99%RBC
**

Answer 9

hematocrit

Question 10

7% plasma protein
over 90% water
2% other substance

Answer 10

blood plasma

Question 11

created in liver

confined to bloodstream

Answer 11

7% plasma proteins

Question 12

intain blood osmotic pressure

Answer 12

albumin

Question 13

antibodies bind to foreignsubstances called antigens

form antigen-antibody complexes

Answer 13

globulins (immunoglobulins)

Question 14

for clotting

Answer 14

fibrinogen

Question 15

Formed Elements of Blood

Answer 15

Red blood cells ( erythrocytes )
White blood cells ( leukocytes )
Platelets (special cell fragments)

Question 16

Types of WBC’s

Answer 16

grandular leukocytes

agrandular leukocytes

Question 17

grandular leukocytes

Answer 17

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 18

agrandular leukocytes

Answer 18

lymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

monocytes

Question 19

38 - 46% (average of 42%)

40 - 54% (average of 46%)
testosterone

Answer 19

Percentage of blood occupied by cells

female
male

Question 20

not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin

Answer 20

anemia

Question 21

too many RBCs (over 65%)

dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in athletes

Answer 21

polycythemia

Question 22

formation of blood cells

Answer 22

Most blood cells types need to be continually replaced
In the embryo
in adult

Question 23

process of blood cells formation

Answer 23

hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

Question 24

occurs in yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes & red bone marrow

Answer 24

formation of blood cells in embryo

Question 25

occurs only in red marrow of flat bones like sternum, ribs, skull & pelvis and ends of long bones

Answer 25

formation of blood cells in adult

Question 26

Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red color
1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobin
Biconcave disk 8 microns in diameter
increased surface area/volume ratio
flexible shape for narrow passages
no nucleus or other organelles
no cell division or mitochondrial ATP formation
Normal RBC count
male 5.4 million/drop —- female 4.8 million/drop
new RBCs enter circulation at 2 million/second

Answer 26

Red blood cells

Question 27

Globin protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains
One heme pigment attached to each polypeptide chain
each heme contains an iron ion (Fe+2) that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule (Fe = ferric + O = oxygen)

Answer 27

hemoglobin

Question 28

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells
Hemoglobin transports 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release
Hemoglobin transports nitric oxide & super nitric oxide helping to regulate blood pressure
iron ions pick up nitric oxide (NO) & super nitric oxide (SNO)& transport it to & from the lungs

Answer 28

Transport of O2, CO2 and Nitric Oxide

Question 29

transported in blood attached to transferrin protein
stored in liver, muscle or spleen
attached to ferritin or hemosiderin protein
in bone marrow being used for hemoglobin synthesis

Answer 29

Iron(Fe+3)

Question 30

bilirubin secreted by liver into bile
converted to urobilinogen then stercobilin (brown pigment in feces) by bacteria of large intestine
if reabsorbed from intestines into blood is converted to a yellow pigment, urobilin and excreted in urine

Answer 30

biliverdin (green) converted to bilirubin (yellow)

Question 31

high altitude since air has less O2
anemia
RBC production falls below RBC destruction
circulatory problems

Answer 31

Tissue hypoxia (cells not getting enough O2)

Question 32

release erythropoietin

speeds up development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes

Answer 32

Kidney response to hypoxia

Question 33

Disc-shaped, 2 - 4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus
Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/drop of blood
Other blood cell counts
5 million red & 5-10,000 white blood cells

Answer 33

Platelet (Thrombocyte)

Question 34

Short life span (5 to 9 days in bloodstream)
formed in bone marrow
few days in circulating blood
aged ones removed by fixed macrophages in liver and spleen

Answer 34

Platelets–Life History

Question 35

Screens for anemia and infection – components measured?
Total RBC, WBC & platelet counts; differential WBC; hematocrit and hemoglobin measurements
Normal hemoglobin range
infants have 14 to 20 g/100mL of blood
adult females have 12 to 16 g/100mL of blood
adult males have 13.5 to 18g/100mL of blood

Answer 35

complete blood count