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A&P II > Packet 28 > Flashcards

Packet 28 Flashcards

1
Q

From fertilization to birth

A 
fertilization
implantation
placental development
fetal development
gestation
labor
parturition (birth)
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2
Q

Haploid sperm nucleus & haploid secondary oocyte nucleus merge to form

A

single diploid nucleus

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3
Q

Occurs in uterine tube within 24 hours after ovulation (oocyte dies in 24 hours)

A

fertilization

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4
Q

events occurring before fertilization

A
  1. peristalsis of uterine tube and cilia transport oocyte to uterus
  2. sperm swims to oocyte by flagella
  3. capacitation (final maturation) of sperm occurs within female
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5
Q

sperm swim towards oocyte by means of flagella

—–stimulate uterine contractions that help move sperm towards the oocyte

A

prostaglandins

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6
Q

sperm penetrates the ___ cells around the oocyte

A

granulosa

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7
Q

Sperm digests its way throughthe

A

zona pellucida

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8
Q

First sperm to fuse with oocyte membrane triggers the slow & the fast block to

A

polyspermy

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9
Q

1-3 seconds after contact, oocyte membrane depolarizes & other cells can not fuse with it =

A

fast block to polyspermy

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10
Q

depolarization triggers the intracellular release of Ca+2 causing the exocytosis of molecules hardening the entire zona pellucida

A

slow block to polyspermy

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11
Q

Events within the egg

–sperm entry triggers___

A

oocyte to complete meiosis II and dump second polar body

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12
Q

Events within the egg

—Once inside the oocyte

A

the sperm loses its tail & becomes a male pronucleus

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13
Q

Events within the egg

—the true moment of fertilization is when

A

Fusion of male & female haploid pronuclei

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14
Q

fertilized ovum (2n) is called

A

zygote

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15
Q

Rapid mitotic cell division of embryo is called

A

cleavage

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16
Q

Formation of the morula

Day 1-4

A

Day 1. 1st cleavage in 30 hours produces 2 blastomeres

Day 2. 2nd cleavage on 2nd day

Day 3. By 3rd day has 16 cells

Day 4. By day 4 has formed a solidball of cells

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17
Q

By day 4 has formed a solidball of cells called

A

morula

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18
Q

is a hollow ball of cells that enters the uterine cavity by day 5

A

blastocyst

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19
Q

outer covering of cellscalled

A

trophoblast

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20
Q

fluid-filled cavity called

A

blastocele

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21
Q

Trophoblast & part of innercell mass will develop into

A

fetal portion of placenta

22
Q

most of the inner cell mass will become

A

the embryo

23
Q

Implantation consists of

A
  1. Attachment of blastocyst to endometrium
  2. Trophoblast develops 2 distinct layers
  3. Trophoblast secretes human chorionic gonadotropin
24
Q

occurs 6 days after fertilization

implants with inner cell mass in contact with the endometrium

A

attachment of blastocyst to endometrium

25
Q

Trophoblast develops 2 distinct layers

A
  1. syncytiotrophoblast

2. cytotrophoblast

26
Q

secretes enzymes that digest the endometrial cells

A

syncytiotrophoblast

27
Q

distinct layer of cells that defines the original shape of the embryo

A

cytotrophoblast

28
Q

secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that helps the corpus luteum maintain the uterine lining

A

Trophoblast

29
Q

Development of an embryo outside the uterus
Most often in uterine tube
–common causes are blockages of uterine tube such as tumors or scars from pelvic inflammatory disease
–symptoms are missed menstrual cycles, bleeding & acute pain

A

ectopic pregnancy

30
Q

ectopic pregnancy are twice as common in smokers because

A

nicotine paralyzes the cilia

31
Q

Day 8

  • cytotrophoblast forms
  • ectoderm & endoderm together form
A

amnion and amnionic cavity

embryonic disk

32
Q

cells of inner cell mass on amnionic cavity form

A

ectoderm

33
Q

cells bordering on blastocele form

A

endoderm

34
Q

endodermal cells divide to form a hollow sphere (yolk sac)

cytotrophoblast cells divide to fill the spaces surrounding the yolk sac with extraembryonic mesoderm

A

Day 12

35
Q

Day 14

cells of embryonic disc produce 3 distinct layers

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

36
Q

forms epithelial lining of GI & respiratory

A

endoderm

37
Q

forms muscle, bone & other connective tissues

A

mesoderm

38
Q

develops into epidermis of skin & nervous system

A

ectoderm

39
Q

Formation of Embryonic Membranes

A

Yolk sac
amnion
chorion
allantois

40
Q

site of early blood formation

gives rise to gonadal stem cells (spermatogonia & oogonia)

A

Yolk sac

41
Q

surrounds embryo with fluid: shock absorber, regulates body temperature & prevents adhesions

fluid is filtrate of mother’s blood + fetal urine

examine a sample of it for embryonic cells (amniocentesis)

A

Amnion

42
Q

becomes the embryonic contribution to the placenta

derived from trophoblast & mesoderm lining it

gives rise to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Chorion

43
Q

outpocketing off yolk sac that becomes umbilical cord

A

allantois

44
Q

all of endometrium lost as placenta

–equals all of the endometrium, except stratum basalis

A

Decidua

45
Q

portion of endometrium deep to chorion

A

Decidua basalis

46
Q

part of endometrial wall that covers implanted embryo

A

Decidua capsularis-

47
Q

part ofendometrial wall not modifiedby embryo until embryo bumps into it as it enlarges

A

Decidua parietalis-

48
Q

Decidua capsularis fuses with

A

decidua parietalis

49
Q

forms during 3rd month

chorion of embryo & stratum functionalis layer of uterus

A

Placenta

50
Q 
extend into maternal blood filled intervillous spaces --- maternal & fetal blood vessels do not join & blood does not mix
--diffusion of O2, 
   nutrients, wastes
 --stores nutrients &  
  produces hormones
--barrier to 
  microorganisms, except 
  some viruses
-----AIDS, measles, 
     chickenpox, 
     poliomyelitis, 
     encephalitis
--not a barrier to drugs such as alcohol
A

Chorionic villi

51
Q

contents of umbilical cord

A
  1. 2 arteries that carry blood to the placenta
  2. 1 umbilical vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus
  3. primitive connective tissue
52
Q

Stub drops off in 2 weeks leaving a scar called

A

umbilicus

A&P II (30 decks)

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