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A&P II > Packet 26 > Flashcards

Packet 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Increases water permeability of principal cells so regulates facultative water reabsorption

Stimulates the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the membrane
–water molecules move more rapidly

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

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2
Q

When osmolarity of plasma & interstitial fluid decreases, more ADH is secreted and

A

facultative water reabsorption increases.

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3
Q

cells do not reabsorb water if ADH is low

A

principal

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4
Q

-having fewer solutes than plasma (300 mOsm/liter).

Water reabsorbed in thin limb, but ions reabsorbed in thick limb of loop of Henle create a filtrate more dilute than plasma

  • –can be 4x as dilute as plasma
  • –as low as 65 mOsm/liter
A

Dilute

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5
Q

can be up to 4 times greater osmolarity than plasma

A

urine

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6
Q

It is possible for principal cells & ADH to remove water from urine to that extent
–Long loop juxtamedullary nephrons make that possible
–Na+/K+/Cl- symporters reabsorb Na+ and Cl- from tubular fluid to create osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
Urea recycling causes a buildup of urea in the renal medulla

A

dilute and concentrated urine

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7
Q

Substances that slow renal reabsorption of water & cause diuresis (increased urine flow rate)

  • -caffeine
  • -alcohol
  • -prescription medicines
A

diuretics

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8
Q

which inhibits Na+ reabsorption

A

caffeine

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9
Q

which inhibits secretion of ADH

A

alcohol

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10
Q

can act on the PCT, loop of Henle or DCT

A

prescriptive medicines

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11
Q

can act on the PCT, loop of Henle or DCT

–Kidney function is so impaired the blood must be cleansed artificially

A

dialysis therapy

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12
Q

directly filters blood because blood flows through tubing surrounded by dialysis solution
cleansed blood flows back into the body
–performed by artificial kidney machine

A

hemodialysis

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13
Q 
10 to 12 in long
Varies in diameter from 1-10 mm
Extends from renal pelvis to bladder
Retroperitoneal
Enters posterior wall of bladder
Physiological valve only
--bladder wall compresses arterial opening as it expands during filling
--flow results from peristalsis, gravity & hydrostatic pressure
A

ureters (anatomy)

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14
Q

Hollow, distensible muscular organ with capacity of 700 - 800 mL
Trigone

A

urinary bladder

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15
Q

smooth flat area bordered by 2 ureteral openings and one urethral opening

A

trigone

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16
Q
  • Posterior to pubic symphysis
  • anterior to vagina & inferior to uterus
  • lies anterior to rectum
A

Both
Females
Males

17
Q

signal spinal cord and brain

when volume exceeds 200-400 mL in urination

A

stretch receptors

18
Q

Impulses sent to ____ in sacral spinal cord (S2 and S3) & reflex is triggered
parasympathetic fibers cause detrusor muscle to contract, external & internal sphincter muscles to relax

A

micturition center

19
Q

Filling causes a sensation of fullness that initiates a desire to urinate before the reflex actually occurs

  • -conscious control of external sphincter
  • -cerebral cortex can initiate micturition or delay its occurrence for a limited period of time
A

Micturition reflex

20
Q

length of 1.5 in., orifice between clitoris & vagina
Histology - transitional changing to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria with elastic fibers & circular smooth muscle

A

female urethra

21
Q

Variable length…
tube passes through prostate, UG diaphragm & penis
3 regions of urethra
-circular smooth muscle forms internal urethral sphincter & UG diaphragm forms external urethral sphincter

A

male urethra

22
Q

three regions of the urethra in males

A

-prostatic urethra, -membranous urethra -spongy urethra

23
Q

Lack of voluntary control over micturition

normal in 2 or 3 year olds because neurons to sphincter muscle is not developed

A

urinary incontinence

24
Q

caused by increases in abdominal pressure that result in leaking of urine from the bladder
-coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, walking
injury to the nerves, loss of bladder flexibility, or damage to the sphincter

A

Stress incontinence in adults

25
Q

all the water and dissolved solutes in the body’s fluid compartments

A

body fluid

26
Q

Mechanisms regulate

maybe micro essay

A
  • total volume
  • distribution
  • concentration of solutes and pH
27
Q

Main regulator of water gain is

A

intake regulation

28
Q
  • Stimulators of thirst center in hypothalamus
  • –dry mouth, osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, decreased blood volume causes drop in BP & angiotensin II
  • Drinking occurs
  • –body water levels return to normal
A

regulation of water gain

29
Q
  • -Elimination of excess water or solutes occurs through urination
  • -Consumption of very salty meal demonstrates function of three hormones

Demonstrates how

  • -“water follows salt”
  • -excrete Na+ and water will follow and decrease blood volume
A

regulation of water and solute loss

30
Q

Swollen cells of water intoxicationbecause __concentration of plasmafalls below normal

A

Na+

31
Q

Intracellular and interstitial fluidsnormally have the same ___,so cells neither swell nor shrink

A

osmolarity

32
Q

causes of swollen cells

A 
--drink plain water faster 
   than kidneys can 
   excrete it 
-replace water lost from 
  diarrhea or 
  vomitingwith plain 
   water
-may cause convulsions, 
   coma & death unless 
   oral rehydration 
   includes small amount 
   salt in water intake
33
Q

Functions of electrolytes

micro essay*

A
  • control osmosis between fluid compartments
  • help maintain acid-base balance
  • carry electric current
  • cofactors needed for enzymatic activity

Concentration expressed in mEq/liter or milliequivalents per liter for plasma, interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

34
Q

plasma contains

A

proteins

35
Q

interstitial fluid does not contain

A

protein

36
Q

Extracellular fluid contains

A

Na and Cl

37
Q

Intracellular fluid contains

A

K+ and phosphates (HPO4 -2)

A&P II (30 decks)

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