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A&P II > Packet 29 > Flashcards

Packet 29 Flashcards

1
Q

Prior to ovulation, completely different hormones are at play; ______surges approximately a day before egg release

A

luteinizing hormone

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2
Q

from day 8 until 4 months secretes hCG which keeps corpus luteum active

corpus luteum produces progesterone & estrogen to maintain lining of uterus

A

chorion

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3
Q

keeps corpus luteum active

A

hCG

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4
Q

produces progesterone & estrogen to maintain lining of uterus

A

corpus luteum

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5
Q

by 4th month produces enough progesterone & estrogen that corpus luteum is no longer important

relaxin which relaxes CT of pelvis and cervix

human chorionic somatomammotropoin (hCS) or human placental lactogen (hPL)
maximum amount by 32 weeks
helps prepare mammary glands for lactation

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) increases secretion of fetal cortisol (lung maturation) & acts to establish timing of birth

A

placenta

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6
Q

by 4th month produces enough progesterone & estrogen that corpus luteum is

A

not important

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7
Q

relaxes CT of pelvis and cervix

A

relaxin

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8
Q

maximum amount by 32 weeks

helps prepare mammary glands for lactation

A

human placental lactogen (hPL)

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9
Q

increases secretion of fetal cortisol (lung maturation) & acts to establish timing of birth

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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10
Q

produced by the chorion is less important after 4 months, because the placenta takes over the hormonal secretion of the corpus luteum

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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11
Q

Uterus nearly fills the abdominal cavity

GI tract compressed causing heartburn & constipation

Pressure on bladder causing changes in frequency & urgency

Compression of vena cava causing varicose veins & edema in the legs

Compression of renal vessels causing renal hypertension

A

maternal changes during pregnancy

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12
Q

rise in cardiac output of 20-30% due to placenta

increase in heart rate 15% & increase in blood volume 30-50%

A

cardiovascular changes

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13
Q

increase in tidal volume 30%

decrease in expiratory reserve volume & airway resistance

minute respiratory volume increases as O2 needs increase

A

respiratory changes

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14
Q

uterus increases in size from 80 g to 1200g

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

A

reproductive system changes

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15
Q

increase in glomerular filtration rate of 40%

A

urinary system

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16
Q

giving birth

A

paturition

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17
Q

is the process of expelling the fetus

A

labor

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18
Q

Labor begins when progesterone’s inhibition is overcome by an

on test

A

increase in the levels of estrogen

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19
Q

inhibits uterine contraction

A

progesterone

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20
Q

placenta stimulates fetal anterior pituitary which causes fetal adrenal gland to secrete

A

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

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21
Q

placenta converts DHEA to

A

estrogen

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22
Q

___ overcomes progesterone and labor begins

A

estrogen

23
Q

Uterine contraction forces fetal head into cervix (stretch)

Nerve impulses reach hypothalamus causing release of oxytocin

Oxytocin causes more contractions producing more stretch of cervix & more nerve impulses

A

positive feedback during labor

24
Q

stages of labor

A

dilation
expulsion
placental

25
Q

6 to 12 hours

rupture of amniotic sac & dilation of cervix

A

dilation

26
Q

10 minutes to several hours

baby moves through birth canal

A

expulsion

27
Q

30 minutes

afterbirth is expelled by muscular contractions

A

placental

28
Q

after cord is cut, increased CO2 levels in blood cause muscular contractions and first breath

breathing rate begins at 45/minute for the first 2 weeks & declines to reach normal rate

A

adjustments of the infant at birth in the respiratory system

29
Q

foramen ovale closes at moment of birth

ductus arteriosus & umbilical vein close down by muscle contractions & become ligaments

pulse rate slows down (120 to 160 at birth)

increase in rate of RBC & hemoglobin formation

A

adjustments of the infant at birth in the cardiovascular system

30
Q

production & release of milk

A

lactation

31
Q

____ from anterior pituitary increases during pregnancy, but ___ inhibits effects of prolactin until after delivery

A

prolactin

progesterone

32
Q

After delivery, progesterone levels drop & suckling increases the release of

A

prolactin and oxytocin

33
Q

cloudy fluid released for few days

A

colostrum

34
Q

True milk produced by

A

4th day

35
Q

If suckling stops

A

milk secretion stops

36
Q

Passing of hereditary traits from one generation to the next

A

inheritance

37
Q

all human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)

A

genotype

38
Q

similar locations on each pair of chromosomes code for the same trait

A

alleles

39
Q

if one allele controls the express of a trait, it is the

A

dominant allele

40
Q

if the other allele is completely masked it is the

A

recessive allele

41
Q

a person with the same alleles on both chromosomes is said to be

the trait is having different alleles on homologous chromosomes
—carries of a recessive gene

A

homozygous

heterozygous

42
Q

genetic makeup

A

genotype

43
Q

outward expression of your genes

A

phenotype

44
Q

method of showing 4 possible genetic combinations in offspringof 2 individuals

A

punnett square

45
Q

Error in meiosis called ___

–chromosomes fail to separate properly

A

nondisjunctions

46
Q

cell with one or more extra or missing chromosomes is called an

A

aneuploid

47
Q

is missing a chromosome

has an extra chromosome

A

(2n-1)

2n+1

48
Q

Error in meiosis called __

  • –location of chromosome segment is moved
  • –crossing-over between 2 nonhomologous chromosomes
A

translocation

49
Q

results from a portion of chromosome 21 becoming part of another chromosome

A

down syndrome

50
Q

Neither member of an allelic pair is dominant over the other — resulting phenotype is intermediate

A

incomplete domincance

51
Q

individuals have both HbA & HbS

suffer from only minor problems with anemia since have both normal & sickle-cell hemoglobin

A

Sickle-cell trait

52
Q

individuals have 2HbS alleles
produce sickle-cell hemoglobin
suffer from severe anemia

A

Sickle-cell anemic

53
Q

sickle cell inheritance

A

-1 normal
-2 embryos will be
sickle-cell trait
-1 sickle-cell anemia

A&P II (30 decks)

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