Packet 29 Flashcards
Prior to ovulation, completely different hormones are at play; ______surges approximately a day before egg release
luteinizing hormone
from day 8 until 4 months secretes hCG which keeps corpus luteum active
corpus luteum produces progesterone & estrogen to maintain lining of uterus
chorion
keeps corpus luteum active
hCG
produces progesterone & estrogen to maintain lining of uterus
corpus luteum
by 4th month produces enough progesterone & estrogen that corpus luteum is no longer important
relaxin which relaxes CT of pelvis and cervix
human chorionic somatomammotropoin (hCS) or human placental lactogen (hPL)
maximum amount by 32 weeks
helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) increases secretion of fetal cortisol (lung maturation) & acts to establish timing of birth
placenta
by 4th month produces enough progesterone & estrogen that corpus luteum is
not important
relaxes CT of pelvis and cervix
relaxin
maximum amount by 32 weeks
helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
human placental lactogen (hPL)
increases secretion of fetal cortisol (lung maturation) & acts to establish timing of birth
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
produced by the chorion is less important after 4 months, because the placenta takes over the hormonal secretion of the corpus luteum
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Uterus nearly fills the abdominal cavity
GI tract compressed causing heartburn & constipation
Pressure on bladder causing changes in frequency & urgency
Compression of vena cava causing varicose veins & edema in the legs
Compression of renal vessels causing renal hypertension
maternal changes during pregnancy
rise in cardiac output of 20-30% due to placenta
increase in heart rate 15% & increase in blood volume 30-50%
cardiovascular changes
increase in tidal volume 30%
decrease in expiratory reserve volume & airway resistance
minute respiratory volume increases as O2 needs increase
respiratory changes
uterus increases in size from 80 g to 1200g
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
reproductive system changes
increase in glomerular filtration rate of 40%
urinary system
giving birth
paturition
is the process of expelling the fetus
labor
Labor begins when progesterone’s inhibition is overcome by an
on test
increase in the levels of estrogen
inhibits uterine contraction
progesterone
placenta stimulates fetal anterior pituitary which causes fetal adrenal gland to secrete
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
placenta converts DHEA to
estrogen
___ overcomes progesterone and labor begins
estrogen
Uterine contraction forces fetal head into cervix (stretch)
Nerve impulses reach hypothalamus causing release of oxytocin
Oxytocin causes more contractions producing more stretch of cervix & more nerve impulses
positive feedback during labor
stages of labor
dilation
expulsion
placental
6 to 12 hours
rupture of amniotic sac & dilation of cervix
dilation
10 minutes to several hours
baby moves through birth canal
expulsion
30 minutes
afterbirth is expelled by muscular contractions
placental
after cord is cut, increased CO2 levels in blood cause muscular contractions and first breath
breathing rate begins at 45/minute for the first 2 weeks & declines to reach normal rate
adjustments of the infant at birth in the respiratory system
foramen ovale closes at moment of birth
ductus arteriosus & umbilical vein close down by muscle contractions & become ligaments
pulse rate slows down (120 to 160 at birth)
increase in rate of RBC & hemoglobin formation
adjustments of the infant at birth in the cardiovascular system
production & release of milk
lactation
____ from anterior pituitary increases during pregnancy, but ___ inhibits effects of prolactin until after delivery
prolactin
progesterone
After delivery, progesterone levels drop & suckling increases the release of
prolactin and oxytocin
cloudy fluid released for few days
colostrum
True milk produced by
4th day
If suckling stops
milk secretion stops
Passing of hereditary traits from one generation to the next
inheritance
all human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
genotype
similar locations on each pair of chromosomes code for the same trait
alleles
if one allele controls the express of a trait, it is the
dominant allele
if the other allele is completely masked it is the
recessive allele
a person with the same alleles on both chromosomes is said to be
the trait is having different alleles on homologous chromosomes
—carries of a recessive gene
homozygous
heterozygous
genetic makeup
genotype
outward expression of your genes
phenotype
method of showing 4 possible genetic combinations in offspringof 2 individuals
punnett square
Error in meiosis called ___
–chromosomes fail to separate properly
nondisjunctions
cell with one or more extra or missing chromosomes is called an
aneuploid
is missing a chromosome
has an extra chromosome
(2n-1)
2n+1
Error in meiosis called __
- –location of chromosome segment is moved
- –crossing-over between 2 nonhomologous chromosomes
translocation
results from a portion of chromosome 21 becoming part of another chromosome
down syndrome
Neither member of an allelic pair is dominant over the other — resulting phenotype is intermediate
incomplete domincance
individuals have both HbA & HbS
suffer from only minor problems with anemia since have both normal & sickle-cell hemoglobin
Sickle-cell trait
individuals have 2HbS alleles
produce sickle-cell hemoglobin
suffer from severe anemia
Sickle-cell anemic
sickle cell inheritance
-1 normal
-2 embryos will be
sickle-cell trait
-1 sickle-cell anemia
