packet 20

Question 1

Water especially if it is cold
Electrolytes
Some drugs (especially aspirin) & alcohol

Fat content in the stomach slows the passage of alcohol to the intestine where absorption is more rapid…

Answer 1

absorption of nutrients by the stomach

Question 2

Gastric mucosal cells contain alcohol dehydrogenase that converts some alcohol to acetaldehyde—–more of this enzyme found in males than females (also Native Americans and Asians lack this)
Females have less total body fluid that same size male so end up with higher blood alcohol levels with same intake of alcohol

Answer 2

absorption of nutrients by the stomach

Question 3

release of chyme is regulated by neural and hormonal reflexes

Distention & stomach contents increase secretion of gastrin hormone & vagal nerve impulses

Enterogastric reflex regulates amount released into intestines

Answer 3

Regulation of Gastric Emptying

Question 4

Forceful expulsion of contents of stomach & duodenum through the mouth
Cause
irritation or distension of stomach
unpleasant sights, general anesthesia, dizziness & certain drugs
Sensory input from medulla cause stomach contraction & complete sphincter relaxation
Contents of stomach squeezed between abdominal muscles and diaphragm and forced through open mouth
Serious because loss of acidic gastric juice can lead to alkalosis

Answer 4

vomitting

Question 5

5” long by 1” thick
Head close to curve in C-shaped duodenum
Main duct joins common bile duct from liver
Sphincter of Oddi on major duodenal papilla
Opens 4” below pyloric sphincter

Answer 5

pancreas

Question 6

1 & 1/2 Quarts/day at pH of 7.1 to 8.2
Contains water, enzymes & sodium bicarbonate
Digestive enzymes

Answer 6

Composition and Functions of Pancreatic Juice

Question 7

digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice

Answer 7

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, proteases
ribonuclease—-to digest nucleic acids
deoxyribonuclease

Question 8

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions

Answer 8

secretin
GIP
CCK

Question 9

acidity in intestine causes increased sodium bicarbonate release

Answer 9

secretin

Question 10

fatty acids & sugar causes increased insulin release

Answer 10

GIP

Question 11

fats and proteins cause increased digestive enzyme release

Answer 11

CCK

Question 12

weighs 3 lbs.
below diaphragm 
right lobe larger
gallbladder on right lobe 
size causes right kidney to be lower than left

Answer 12

liver

Question 13

fundus, body & neck

Answer 13

gallbladder

Question 14

Hepatocytes arranged in lobules
Sinusoids in between hepatocytes are blood-filled spaces
Kupffer cells phagocytize microbes & foreign matter

Answer 14

histology of liver

Question 15

Hepatic portal vein
nutrient rich blood from stomach, spleen & intestines
Hepatic artery from branch off the aorta

Answer 15

blood supply to the liver

Question 16

One quart of bile/day is secreted by the liver

yellow-green in color & pH 7.6 to 8.6

Answer 16

bile prduction

Question 17

components of bile

Answer 17

water & cholesterol
bile salts = Na & K salts of bile acids 
bile pigments (bilirubin) from hemoglobin molecule 
globin = a reuseable protein 
heme = broken down into iron and bilirubin

Question 18

Turn proteins into glucose
Turn triglycerides into glucose
Turn excess glucose into glycogen & store in the liver
Turn glycogen back into glucose as needed

Answer 18

liver function–Carbohydrate Metabolism

Question 19

Synthesize cholesterol
Synthesize lipoproteins—-HDL and LDL(used to transport fatty acids in bloodstream)
Stores some fat
Breaks down some fatty acids

Answer 19

Liver Functions –Lipid Metabolism

Question 20

Deamination = removes NH2 (amine group) from amino acids so can use what is left as energy source
Converts resulting toxic ammonia (NH3) into urea for excretion by the kidney
Synthesizes plasma proteins utilized in the clotting mechanism and immune system
Convert one amino acid into another

Answer 20

Liver Functions–Protein Metabolism

Question 21

Detoxifies the blood by removing or altering drugs & hormones (thyroid & estrogen)
Removes the waste product–bilirubin
Releases bile salts help digestion by emulsification
Stores fat soluble vitamins—–A, B12, D, E, K
Stores iron and copper
Phagocytizes worn out blood cells & bacteria
Activates vitamin D (the skin can also do this with 1 hr of sunlight a week)

Answer 21

other liver function