packet 11 Flashcards
release lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria
release defensin proteins that act like antibiotics & poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
release strong oxidants (bleach-like, strong chemicals ) that destroy bacteria
direct action against bacteria (neutrophil)
Granular; 10-12 microns; 60-70% of circulating WBC
Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria
neutrophil
Largest WBC; 12-20 microns, 3-8% circulating WBC
Most migrate into tissues, becomes fixed macrophage
Take longer to get to site of infection, but arrive in larger numbers
Become wandering macrophages, once they leave the capillaries
Destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection
monocyte
Granular (lots of histamine!); 8-10 microns
basophil function
Granular; 10-12 microns; 2-4% of circulating WBCs
Leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid
Release histaminase
slows down inflammation caused by basophils
Attack parasitic worms
Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes
eosinophil
20-25% circulating WBC
b cells
t cells
natural killer cells
lymphocyte
destroy bacteria and their toxins
turn into plasma cells that produces antibodies
B cells (6-9 microns)
attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells & some bacteria
t cells (10-12 microns)
attack many different microbes & some tumor cells
destroy foreign invaders by direct attack
Natural killer cells (up to 14 microns)
indicates infection, poisoning, leukemia, chemotherapy, parasites or allergy reaction
WBC changes
60-70% (up if bacterial infection)
neutrophils
20-25% (up if viral infection)
lymphocyte
3 – 8 % (up if fungal/viral infection)
monocytes
2 – 4 % (up if parasite or allergy reaction)
eosinophil
basophil
bodies ability to defend itself against specific foreign material or organisms
bacteria, toxins, viruses, cat dander, etc.
immunity
Differs from nonspecific defense mechanisms
specificity—-recognize self & non-self
memory—-2nd encounter produces even more vigorous response
Immune system is cells and tissues that produce the immune response
Immunology is the study of those responses
acquired and adaptive immunity
mature in thymus
t cells
cells in bone marrow
b cells
cell-mediated response
killer cells attack antigens
helper cells costimulate T and B cells
effective against fungi, viruses, parasites, cancer, and tissue transplants
t cells
antibody-mediated response
plasma cells form antibodies
effective against bacteria
b cells
Molecules or bits of foreign material
antigen
ability to provoke immune response
immunogenicity
ability to react to cells or antibodies it caused to be formed
reactivity
enter the bloodstream to be deposited in spleen
penetrate the skin & end up in lymph nodes
penetrate mucous membrane & lodge in associated lymphoid tissue
when antigen get past bodies nonspecific defense
smaller substance thatcan not trigger an immuneresponse unless attached tobody protein
lipid of poison ivy
hapten
small part of antigen that triggersthe immune response
epitope
Large, complex molecules, usually proteins
antigen/epitopes
Immune system can recognize and respond to a billion different epitopes – even artificially made molecules
Explanation for great diversity of receptors is genetic recombination of few hundred small gene segments
Each B or T cell has its own unique set of gene segments that codes its unique antigen receptor in the cell membrane
Diversity of Antigen Receptors
