packet 16

Question 1

normal quiet breathing

Answer 1

eupnea

Question 2

temporary cessation of breathing

Answer 2

apnea

Question 3

difficult or labored breathing

Answer 3

dyspnea

Question 4

rapid breathing

Answer 4

tachypnea

Question 5

descent of diaphragm causes stomach to bulge during inspiration

Answer 5

diaphragmatic breathing

Question 6

just rib activity involved

Answer 6

costal breathing

Question 7

in and out

amount air moved during quiet breathing

Answer 7

tidal volume

Question 8

minute ventilation is amount of air moved in a minute

Answer 8

MVR

Question 9

amount you can breathe either in or out above that amount of tidal volume

Answer 9

reserve volume

Question 10

permanently trapped

1200 mL permanently trapped air in system

Answer 10

residual volume

Question 11

21% O2, 79% N2 and .04% CO2 (methane????)

Answer 11

air

Question 12

14% O2, 79% N2 and 5.2% CO2

Answer 12

alveolar air

Question 13

16% O2, 79% N2 and 4.5% CO2

Answer 13

expired air

Question 14

alveolar air has less O2 since absorbed by blood
mystery—–expired air has more O2 & less CO2 than alveolar air?
Anatomical dead space = 150 ml of 500 ml of tidal volume

Answer 14

observations of composition of ari

Question 15

Quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon the amount of gas present and its solubility coefficient

Breathing O2 under pressure dissolves more O2 in blood

Answer 15

Henry’s law

Question 16

Clinical application of Henry’s law
Use of pressure to dissolve more O2 in the blood
treatment for patients with anaerobic bacterial infections (tetanus and gangrene)
anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of O2
Hyperbaric chamber pressure raised to 3 to 4 atmospheres so that tissues absorb more O2
Used to treat heart disorders, carbon monoxide poisoning, cerebral edema, gas embolisms

Answer 16

hyperbaric oxygenation

Question 17

Gases diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure
Exchange of gas between air & blood
Deoxygenated blood becomes saturated
Compare gas movements in pulmonary capillaries to tissue capillaries

Answer 17

external respiration

Question 18

Depends upon partial pressure of gases in air
p O2 at sea level is 160 mm Hg
10,000 feet is 110 mm Hg / 50,000 feet is 18 mm Hg
Large surface area of our alveoli
Diffusion distance is very small
Solubility & molecular weight of gases
O2 smaller molecule diffuses somewhat faster
CO2 dissolves 24X more easily in water so net outward diffusion of CO2 is much faster
disease produces hypoxia before hypercapnia
lack of O2 before too much CO2

Answer 18

rate of diffusion of gases

Question 19

Exchange of gases between blood & tissues
Conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated
Observe diffusion of O2 inward
at rest 25% of available O2 enters cells
during exercise more O2 is absorbed
Observe diffusion of CO2 outward

Answer 19

internal respiration

Question 20

more exhalation because greater CO2 levels which leading to lower pH or acidosis

Answer 20

hyperventilation

Question 21

less exhalation because lower CO2 level which leads to alkalosis or pH high

Answer 21

hypoventilation

Question 22

Oxyhemoglobin contains 98.5% chemically combined oxygen and hemoglobin
inside red blood cells
Does not dissolve easily in water
only 1.5% transported dissolved in blood
Only the dissolved O2 can diffuse into tissues
Factors affecting dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin are important
Oxygen dissociation curve shows levels of saturation and oxygen partial pressures

Answer 22

oxygen transport in blood

Question 23

Blood is almost fully saturated at pO2 of 60mm
people OK at high altitudes & with some disease
Between 40 & 20 mm Hg, large amounts of O2 are released as in areas of need like contracting muscle

Answer 23

hemoglobin and oxygen partial pressure

Question 24

As acidity increases, O2 affinity for Hb decreases =
Bohr effect
H+ binds to hemoglobin & alters it
O2 left behind in needy tissues

Answer 24

acidity and oxygen affinity for Hb

Question 25

As temperature increases, more O2 is released
Metabolic activity & heat
More biphosphoglycerate (BPG), more O2 released
RBC activity
hormones like thyroxine & growth hormone

Answer 25

temperature and oxygen release

Question 26

100 ml of blood carries 55 ml of CO2
Is carried by the blood in 3 ways
dissolved in plasma
combined with the globin part of Hb molecule forming carbaminohemoglobin
as part of bicarbonate ion
CO2 + H2O combine to form carbonic acid that dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ion

Answer 26

carbon dioxide transport

Question 27

carbon dioxide transport by blood in 3 ways

Answer 27

1. dissolved in plasma (7%)
2. combined with globin part of hemoglobin molecule formation carbaminohemoglobin
3. bicarbonate ion
   primary buffer ion