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A&P II > Packet 27 > Flashcards

Packet 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant extracellular ion

A

Sodium

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2
Q

Average daily intake exceeds normal requirements
Hormonal controls
–aldosterone causes increased reabsorption Na+
–ADH release ceases if Na+ levels too low–dilute urine lost until Na+ levels rise
–ANP increases Na+ and water excretion if Na+ levels too high

A

Sodium

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3
Q

Sodium retention causes

A

water retention

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4
Q

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

A

edema

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5
Q

Causes of sodium retention

A

renal failure

hyperaldosterone

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6
Q

Excessive loss of sodium causes ___

  • due to inadequate secretion of aldosterone
  • -too many diuretics
A

excessive loss of water

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7
Q

Most prevalent extracellular anion

A

chloride

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8
Q
  • Moves easily between compartments due to Cl- leakage channels
  • Helps balance anions in different compartments
  • Regulation
  • –passively follows Na+ so it is regulated indirectly by aldosterone levels
  • –ADH helps regulate Cl- in body fluids because it controls water loss in urine
  • Chloride shift & hydrochloric acid of gastric juice
A

Chloride

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9
Q

Most abundant cation in intracellular fluid

A

Potassium

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10
Q
  • Helps establish resting membrane potential & repolarize nerve & muscle tissue
  • Exchanged for H+ to help regulate pH in intracellular fluid
  • Control is mainly by aldosterone which stimulates principal cells to increase K+ secretion into the urine
  • –abnormal plasma K+ levels adversely affect cardiac and neuromuscular function
A

Potassium

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11
Q

Common extracellular anion

Major buffer in plasma

A

Bicarbonate

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12
Q

Concentration increases as blood flows through systemic capillaries due to CO2 released from metabolically active cells

Concentration decreases as blood flows through pulmonary capillaries and CO2 is exhaled

Kidneys are main regulator of plasma levels

  • -intercalated cells form more if levels are too low
  • -excrete excess in the urine
A

Bicarbonate

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13
Q

Most abundant mineral in body (skeleton & teeth)

Abundant extracellular cation in body fluids

A

Calcium

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14
Q

Important role in blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone & nerve and muscle function

Regulated by parathyroid hormone

  • –stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone
  • –increases production of calcitriol (Ca+2 absorption from GI tract and reabsorption from glomerular filtrate)
A

Calcium

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15
Q

important intracellular anion and acts as buffer of H+ in body fluids and in urine

A

Phosphate

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16
Q

Present as calcium phosphate in bones and teeth, and in phospholipids, ATP, DNA and RNA

Plasma levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone & calcitriol

  • -resorption of bone releases phosphate
  • -in the kidney, PTH increase phosphate excretion
  • -calcitriol increases GI absorption of phosphate
A

Phosphate

17
Q

Found in bone matrix and as ions in body fluids

intracellular cofactor for metabolic enzymes, heart, muscle & nerve function

A

Magnesium

18
Q

Urinary excretion increased in hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia, increased extracellular fluid volume, decreases in parathyroid hormone and acidosis

A

Magnesium

19
Q

Micro Essay

3 major mechanisms to regulate pH

A
  1. Chemical Buffer System
  2. Respiratory system (exhalation of CO2)
  3. Kidney excretion of H+ (urinary system)
20
Q

Homeostasis of H+ concentration is vital

  • -proteins 3-D structure sensitive to pH changes
  • -normal plasma pH must be maintained between 7.35 - 7.45
  • -diet high in proteins tends to acidify the blood
A

Acid-Base Balance

21
Q

Micro Essay

3 Principal buffer systems

A
  1. Protein
  2. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
  3. Phosphate
22
Q
  • Prevent rapid, drastic changes in pH
  • Change either strong acid or base into weaker one
  • Work in fractions of a second
  • Found in fluids of the body
A

actions of buffer systems

23
Q

Abundant in intracellular fluids & in plasma

A

protein buffer system

24
Q

main plasma protein buffer

A

albumin

25
Q

very good at buffering H+ in RBCs

acts as a buffer in blood by picking up CO2 or H+

A

hemoglobin

26
Q

contains at least one carboxyl group (-COOH) and at least one amino group (-NH2)

A

amino acid

27
Q

acts like an acid & releases H+

A

carboxyl group

28
Q

acts like a base & combines with H+

A

amino group

29
Q

Acts as extracellular & intracellular buffer system

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

30
Q

can act as a weak base

holds excess H+

A

bicarbonate ion

31
Q

can act as weak acid

dissociates into H+ ions

A

carbonic acid

32
Q

At a pH of 7.4, bicarbonate ion concentration is about 20 times that of carbonic acid

Can not protect against pH changes due to respiratory problems

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

33
Q

Most important intracellularly, but also acts to buffer acids in the urine

A

Phosphate buffer system

34
Q

acts as a weak acid that can buffer a strong base

A

dihydrogen phosphate

35
Q

acts a weak base by buffering the H+ released by a strong acid

A

monohydrogen phosphate

A&P II (30 decks)

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