Packet 33

Question 1

Controlled by monthly hormone cycle of anterior pituitary, hypothalamus & ovary
Monthly cycle of changes in ovary and uterus

Answer 1

female reproductive cycle

Question 2

changes in ovary during & after maturation of oocyte

Answer 2

ovarian cycle

Question 3

preparation of uterus to receive fertilized ovum

if implantation does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation

Answer 3

uterine cycle

Question 4

ON TEST
secreted by the hypothalamus controls the female reproductive cycle
–stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH & LH

Answer 4

GnRH

Question 5

ON TEST
initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
–estrogen maintains reproductive organs

Answer 5

FSH

Question 6

ON TEST
stimulates ovulation & promotes formation of the corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin & inhibin
–progesterone prepares uterus for implantation and the mammary glands for milk secretion
–relaxin facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus
–inhibin inhibits the secretion of FSH

Answer 6

LH

Question 7

Menstruation lasts for 5 days
First day is considered beginning of 28 day cycle
in ovary and uterus

Answer 7

menstrual phase

Question 8

20 follicles that began to develop 6 days before are now beginning to secrete estrogen
fluid is filling the antrum from granulosa cells

Answer 8

menstrual phase in ovary

Question 9

declining levels of progesterone caused spiral arteries to constrict – glandular tissue dies
stratum functionalis layer is sloughed off along with 50 to 150 ml of blood

Answer 9

menstrual phase in uterus

Question 10

Lasts from day 6 to 13 (most variable timeline)

In the ovary (follicular phase) and uterus (proliferative phase)

Answer 10

preovulatory phase

Question 11

follicular secretion of estrogen & inhibin has slowed the secretion of FSH
dominant follicles survives to day 6
by day 14, graafian follicle has enlarged & bulges at surface
increasing estrogen levels trigger the secretion of LH

Answer 11

Preovulatory Phase in ovary

Question 12

increasing estrogen levels have repaired & thickened the stratum functionalis to 4-10 mm in thickness

Answer 12

Preovulatory Phase in uterus

Question 13

Rupture of follicle & release of 2nd oocyte on day 14

Answer 13

ovulation

Question 14

High levels of estrogen

GnRH

LH Surge

Answer 14

more GnRH and LH

way more FSH and LH

ruptured follicle/ovulation (corpus hemorrhagicum results)

Question 15

***Potential Micro Essay

Signs of ovulation

Answer 15

Increase in basal body temperature

Increase in libido

Increase in cervical mucus

Cervix softens

Mittelschmerz- = pain

Question 16

Most constant timeline = lasts 14 days

in ovary and uterus

Answer 16

postovulatory phase

Question 17

if fertilization did not occur, corpus albicans is formed
as hormone levels drop, secretion of GnRH, FSH & LH rise

if fertilization did occur, developing embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which maintains health of corpus luteum & its hormone secretions

Answer 17

Postovulatory Phase in ovary

Question 18

hormones from corpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium to 12-18 mm
-formation of more endometrial glands & vascularization

if no fertilization occurs, menstrual phase will begin

Answer 18

Postovulatory Phase in uterus

Question 19

Physical & emotional distress during the postovulatory (luteal) phase
–disappear at onset of menstruation
Signs & symptoms are variable
–mood swings, depression, headache, fatigue, backache, constipation, breast tenderness, edema
Since occurs only after ovulation, oral contraceptives are an effective treatment
–careful diet & exercise may help

Answer 19

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Question 20

4 phases of human sexual intercourse

Answer 20

excitement phase
plateau phase
orgasm phase (climax)
resolution

Question 21

produced by parasympathetic NS

engorgement of blood vessels & cardiovascular changes

Answer 21

excitement phase

Question 22

sexual flush to face & chest

rhythmical muscular contractions & pleasure
sympathetic nervous system causes ejaculation

Answer 22

plateau phase of variable duration

orgasm phase (climax)

Question 23

profound relaxation & return to normal

male refractory period where 2nd ejaculation is impossible

Answer 23

resoultion

Question 24

Consistent inability of adult male to hold an erection long enough for sexual intercourse

Causes
psychological or emotional factors
physical factors
diabetes mellitus, vascular disturbances, neurological disturbances, testosterone deficiency, drugs (alcohol, nicotine, antidepressants, tranquilizers,etc)
Viagra causes vasodilation of penile arteries and brings on an erection

Answer 24

Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence)

Question 25

Possible micro essay
Birth Control Methods
(7)

Answer 25

Complete abstinence
Surgical
Hormonal
Mechanical barriers
Periodic abstinence (ovulation schedule)
Coitus interruptus         (withdrawal)
Induced abortion

Question 26

progesterone & estrogen combination pill
negative feedback on the anterior pituitary & hypothalamus to prevent secretion of FSH & LH
no follicular development or ovulation
no possible pregnancy
other benefits of the pill
regulate menstrual cycle & reduce endometriosis
Risks increased for smokers
increased chances of blood clot formation
Not recommended for people with liver disease, hypertension, heart disease, migraines

Answer 26

Hormonal Birth Control

Oral contraceptive — “the pill”

Question 27

worn internally releasing progestin or combination of progestin & estrogen
IUD (Intra-uterine device)
- Small t-shaped device implanted into the uterus – can either function to disrupt egg or sperm, depending on the type.

Answer 27

vaginal ring

Question 28

intramuscular injection of progesterone every 3 months that changes uterine lining & ovum maturation

Answer 28

Depo-Provera