Packet 33 Flashcards
Controlled by monthly hormone cycle of anterior pituitary, hypothalamus & ovary
Monthly cycle of changes in ovary and uterus
female reproductive cycle
changes in ovary during & after maturation of oocyte
ovarian cycle
preparation of uterus to receive fertilized ovum
if implantation does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation
uterine cycle
ON TEST
secreted by the hypothalamus controls the female reproductive cycle
–stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH & LH
GnRH
ON TEST
initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
–estrogen maintains reproductive organs
FSH
ON TEST
stimulates ovulation & promotes formation of the corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin & inhibin
–progesterone prepares uterus for implantation and the mammary glands for milk secretion
–relaxin facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus
–inhibin inhibits the secretion of FSH
LH
Menstruation lasts for 5 days
First day is considered beginning of 28 day cycle
in ovary and uterus
menstrual phase
20 follicles that began to develop 6 days before are now beginning to secrete estrogen
fluid is filling the antrum from granulosa cells
menstrual phase in ovary
declining levels of progesterone caused spiral arteries to constrict – glandular tissue dies
stratum functionalis layer is sloughed off along with 50 to 150 ml of blood
menstrual phase in uterus
Lasts from day 6 to 13 (most variable timeline)
In the ovary (follicular phase) and uterus (proliferative phase)
preovulatory phase
follicular secretion of estrogen & inhibin has slowed the secretion of FSH
dominant follicles survives to day 6
by day 14, graafian follicle has enlarged & bulges at surface
increasing estrogen levels trigger the secretion of LH
Preovulatory Phase in ovary
increasing estrogen levels have repaired & thickened the stratum functionalis to 4-10 mm in thickness
Preovulatory Phase in uterus
Rupture of follicle & release of 2nd oocyte on day 14
ovulation
High levels of estrogen
GnRH
LH Surge
more GnRH and LH
way more FSH and LH
ruptured follicle/ovulation (corpus hemorrhagicum results)
***Potential Micro Essay
Signs of ovulation
Increase in basal body temperature
Increase in libido
Increase in cervical mucus
Cervix softens
Mittelschmerz- = pain
Most constant timeline = lasts 14 days
in ovary and uterus
postovulatory phase
if fertilization did not occur, corpus albicans is formed
as hormone levels drop, secretion of GnRH, FSH & LH rise
if fertilization did occur, developing embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which maintains health of corpus luteum & its hormone secretions
Postovulatory Phase in ovary
hormones from corpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium to 12-18 mm
-formation of more endometrial glands & vascularization
if no fertilization occurs, menstrual phase will begin
Postovulatory Phase in uterus
Physical & emotional distress during the postovulatory (luteal) phase
–disappear at onset of menstruation
Signs & symptoms are variable
–mood swings, depression, headache, fatigue, backache, constipation, breast tenderness, edema
Since occurs only after ovulation, oral contraceptives are an effective treatment
–careful diet & exercise may help
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
4 phases of human sexual intercourse
excitement phase
plateau phase
orgasm phase (climax)
resolution
produced by parasympathetic NS
engorgement of blood vessels & cardiovascular changes
excitement phase
sexual flush to face & chest
rhythmical muscular contractions & pleasure
sympathetic nervous system causes ejaculation
plateau phase of variable duration
orgasm phase (climax)
profound relaxation & return to normal
male refractory period where 2nd ejaculation is impossible
resoultion
Consistent inability of adult male to hold an erection long enough for sexual intercourse
Causes
psychological or emotional factors
physical factors
diabetes mellitus, vascular disturbances, neurological disturbances, testosterone deficiency, drugs (alcohol, nicotine, antidepressants, tranquilizers,etc)
Viagra causes vasodilation of penile arteries and brings on an erection
Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence)
Possible micro essay
Birth Control Methods
(7)
Complete abstinence Surgical Hormonal Mechanical barriers Periodic abstinence (ovulation schedule) Coitus interruptus (withdrawal) Induced abortion
progesterone & estrogen combination pill
negative feedback on the anterior pituitary & hypothalamus to prevent secretion of FSH & LH
no follicular development or ovulation
no possible pregnancy
other benefits of the pill
regulate menstrual cycle & reduce endometriosis
Risks increased for smokers
increased chances of blood clot formation
Not recommended for people with liver disease, hypertension, heart disease, migraines
Hormonal Birth Control
Oral contraceptive — “the pill”
worn internally releasing progestin or combination of progestin & estrogen
IUD (Intra-uterine device)
- Small t-shaped device implanted into the uterus – can either function to disrupt egg or sperm, depending on the type.
vaginal ring
intramuscular injection of progesterone every 3 months that changes uterine lining & ovum maturation
Depo-Provera
