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A&P II > packet 17 > Flashcards

packet 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration controlled by

A

neurons in pons & medulla

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2
Q

ON TEST

where is respiratory center located

A

respiratory center

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3
Q

3 groups of neurons

A

medullary rhythmicity
pneumotaxic
apneustic centers

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4
Q

rhythm of breathing

A

medullary rythmicity

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5
Q

lung movement

A

pneumotaxic

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6
Q

come in to play when stop breathing

A

apneustic center

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7
Q

Controls basic rhythm of respiration
Inspiration for 2 seconds, expiration for 3
Autorhythmic cells active for 2 seconds then inactive
Expiratory neurons inactive during most quiet breathing only active during high ventilation rates

A

medulaary rthymicity area

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8
Q

constant inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area

neurons trying to turn off inspiration before lungs too expanded

A

Pneumotaxic Area

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9
Q

stimulatory signals to inspiratory area to prolong inspiration

A

Apneustic Area

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10
Q

voluntarily alter breathing patterns
limitations are buildup of CO2 & H+ in blood
inspiratory center is stimulated by increase in either
if you hold breathe until you faint—-breathing will resume

A

cortical influences–regulation of respiratory center

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11
Q

chemical regulation of respiration

A

central chemoreceptors in medulla

peripheral chemoreceptors

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12
Q

respond to changes in H+ or pCO2

hypercapnia = slight increase in pCO2 is noticed

A

Central chemoreceptors in medulla

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13
Q 
respond to changes in H+ , pO2 or PCO2
aortic body---in wall of aorta
nerves join vagus
carotid bodies--in walls of common carotid arteries
nerves join glossopharyngeal nerve
A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

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14
Q

MICRO ESSAY

name 2 conditions that will increase, decrease ventilation rate and depth

A 
Increase
1. voluntary
2. increase body temp
Decrease
1. lower temp
2. pain causes apnea
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15
Q

Deficiency of O2 at tissue level

A

hypoxia

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16
Q

low pO2 in arterial blood

high altitude, fluid in lungs & obstructions

A

hypoxic hypoxia-

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17
Q

too little functioning Hb

hemorrhage or anemia

A

anemic hypoxia-

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18
Q

blood flow is too low

A

ischemic hypoxia-

19
Q

cyanide poisoning

blocks metabolic stages & O2 usage

A

histotoxic hypoxia-

20
Q

Quick breathing rate response to exercise
input from proprioceptors

Inflation Reflex (Hering-Breurer reflex)
big deep breath stretching receptors produces urge to exhale

Factors increasing breathing rate
emotional anxiety, temperature increase or drop in blood pressure

Apnea or cessation of breathing
by sudden plunge into cold water, sudden pain, irritation of airway

A

Respiratory Influences & Reflex Behaviors

21
Q

Smoker is easily “winded” with moderate exercise
nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles
carbon monoxide in smoke binds to hemoglobin
irritants in smoke cause excess mucus secretion
irritants inhibit movements of cilia
in time destroys elastic fibers in lungs & leads to emphysema
trapping of air in alveoli & reduced gas exchange

A

smokers lowered respiratory efficiency

22
Q 
is an inflammatory disorder of the airways, which causes attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness
Animals (pet hair or dander)
Dust
Changes in weather
Chemicals in the air or in food
Exercise
Mold
Pollen
Strong emotions (stress)
Smoke
A

asthma

23
Q

Influenza is a viral infection that affects mainly the nose, throat, bronchi and, occasionally, lungs. High fever, aching muscles, headache and severe malaise, non-productive cough, sore throat and rhinitis
Easily carried from person to person via droplets and small particles produced when infected people cough or sneeze.
Recovery 1-2 weeks. However, in the very young, the elderly, and those with other serious medical conditions, infection can lead to severe complications of the underlying condition, pneumonia and death.

A

influenza

24
Q

bite, chew, swallow

A

mouth

25
Q

transport

A

Pharynx and esophagus-

26
Q

mechanical disruption; absorption of water & alcohol

A

stomach

27
Q

chemical & mechanical digestion & absorption

A

small intestine

28
Q

absorb electrolytes & vitamins (B and K)

A

large intestine

29
Q

defecation

A

rectum and anus

30
Q

layers of GI tract

A

Mucosal layer

  1. Submucosal layer
  2. Muscularis layer
  3. Serosa layer
31
Q

layers of mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

32
Q

stratified squamous(in mouth,esophagus & anus) = tough
simple columnar in the rest
secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients
specialized cells (goblet) secrete mucous onto cell surfaces
enteroendocrine cells—secrete hormones controlling organ function

A

epithelium

33
Q

thin layer of loose connective tissue

contains BV and lymphatic tissue

A

lamina propria

34
Q

thin layer of smooth muscle
causes folds to form in mucosal layer
increases local movements increasing absorption with exposure to “new” nutrients

A

muscularis mucosae

35
Q

Loose connective tissue
containing BV, glands and lymphatic tissue

Meissner’s plexus---
parasympathetic
 innervation
vasoconstriction
local movement by muscularis mucosa smooth muscle
A

submucosa

36
Q

types of muscularis

A

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
auerbach’s plexus

37
Q

voluntary control
in mouth, pharynx , upper esophagus and anus
control over swallowing and defecation

A

skeletal muscle

38
Q

involuntary control
inner circular fibers & outer longitudinal fibers
mixes, crushes & propels food along by peristalsis

A

smooth muscle

39
Q

both parasympathetic & sympathetic innervation of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers

A

Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric)–

40
Q

An example of a serous membrane
Covers all organs and walls of cavities not open to the outside of the body
Secretes slippery fluid
Consists of connective tissue covered with simple squamous epithelium

A

serosa

41
Q

visceral layer covers organs

parietal layer lines the walls of body cavity

A

peritoneum

42
Q

potential space containing a bit of serous fluid

A

peritoneal cavity

43
Q

parts of peritoneum

A

Mesentery
Mesocolon
Lesser omentum
Greater omentum

A&P II (30 decks)

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