packet 19

Question 1

Funnel-shaped tube extending from internal nares to the esophagus (posteriorly) and larynx (anteriorly)
Skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
Deglutition or swallowing is facilitated by saliva and mucus
starts when bolus is pushed into the oropharynx
sensory nerves send signals to deglutition center in brainstem
soft palate is lifted to close nasopharynx
larynx is lifted as epiglottis is bent to cover glottis

Answer 1

pharynx

Question 2

Collapsed muscular tube
In front of vertebrae
Posterior to trachea
Posterior to the heart 
Pierces the diaphragm at hiatus
hiatal hernia or diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 2

esophagus

Question 3

histology of esophagus

Answer 3

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia

Question 4

stratified squamous

Answer 4

mucosa

Question 5

large mucous gland

Answer 5

submucosa

Question 6

upper 1/3 is skeletal, middle is mixed, lower 1/3 is smooth

upper & lower esophageal sphincters are prominent circular muscle

Answer 6

muscularis

Question 7

connective tissue blending with surrounding connective tissue–no peritoneum

Answer 7

adventitia

Question 8

esophagus swallowing

Answer 8

voluntary and involuntary phase

Question 9

tongue pushes food to back of oral cavity

Answer 9

voluntary phase

Question 10

pharyngeal stage
breathing stops & airways are closed
soft palate & uvula are lifted to close off nasopharynx
vocal cords close
epiglottis is bent over airway as larynx is lifted

Answer 10

involuntary phase

Question 11

Upper sphincter relaxes when larynx is lifted
Peristalsis pushes food down
circular fibers behind bolus
longitudinal fibers in front of bolus shorten the distance of travel
Travel time is 4-8 seconds for solids and 1 sec for liquids
Lower sphincter relaxes as food approaches

Answer 11

swallowing

Question 12

If lower sphincter fails to open
distension of esophagus feels like chest pain or heart attack
If lower esophageal sphincter fails to close
stomach acids enter esophagus & cause heartburn (GERD)
for a weak sphincter—don’t eat a large meal and lay down in front of TV
smoking and alcohol make the sphincter relax worsening the situation
Control the symptoms by avoiding
coffee, chocolate, tomatoes, fatty foods, onions & mint
take Tagamet HB or Pepcid AC 60 minutes before eating
neutralize existing stomach acids with Tums

Answer 12

Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease

Question 13

large sausage
stretches due to rugae
Parts of stomach
cardia
fundus---air in x-ray
body
pylorus---starts to narrow as approaches pyloric sphincter
Empties as small squirts of chyme leave the stomach through the pyloric valve

Answer 13

stomach

Question 14

Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen from chief cell to pepsin
Intrinsic factor
absorption of vitamin B12 for RBC production
Gastrin hormone (g cell)
“get it out of here”
release more gastric juice
increase gastric motility
relax pyloric sphincter
constrict esophageal sphincter preventing entry

Answer 14

Mucosa & Gastric Glands

Question 15

Three layers of smooth muscle–outer longitudinal, circular & inner oblique
Permits greater churning & mixing of food with gastric juice

Answer 15

muscularis

Question 16

Gentle mixing waves
every 15 to 25 seconds
mixes bolus with 2 quarts/day of gastric juice to turn it into chyme (a thin liquid)
More vigorous waves
travel from body of stomach to pyloric region
Intense waves near the pylorus
open it and squirt out 1-2 teaspoons full with each wave

Answer 16

mechanical digestion

Question 17

Protein digestion begins
HCl denatures (unfolds) protein molecules
HCl transforms pepsinogen into pepsin that breaks peptides bonds between certain amino acids
Fat digestion continues
gastric lipase splits the triglycerides in milk fat
most effective at pH 5 to 6 (infant stomach)
HCl kills microbes in food
Mucous cells protect stomach walls from being digested with 1-3mm thick layer of mucous

Answer 17

chemical digestion in stomach

Question 18

Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility

Answer 18

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase
***note on test as micro essay–describe 3 phases

Question 19

preperation
Cerebral cortex =sight, smell, taste & thought
stimulate parasympathetic nervous system
Vagus nerve
increases stomach muscle and glandular activity
Thinking of tonight’s dinner, perhaps????

Answer 19

cephalic phase

Question 20

Working
Nervous control keeps stomach active
stretch receptors & chemoreceptors provide information
vigorous peristalsis and glandular secretions continue
chyme is released into the duodenum

Endocrine influences over stomach activity
distention and presence of caffeine or protein cause G cells secretion of gastrin into bloodstream
gastrin hormone increases stomach glandular secretion
gastrin hormone increases stomach churning and sphincter relaxation

Answer 20

gastric phase

Question 21

emptying
Stretch receptors in duodenum slow stomach activity & increase intestinal activity

Distension, fatty acids or sugar signals medulla
sympathetic nerves slow stomach activity

Hormonal influences
secretin hormone decreases stomach secretions
cholecystokinin(CCK) decreases stomach emptying
gastric inhibitory peptide(GIP) decreases stomach secretions, motility & emptying

Answer 21

intestinal phase