:P Flashcards
which of the following glial cells making neurotrophic factors?
satellite cells
schwann cells
astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
which of the following glial cells making neurotrophic factors?
satellite cells
schwann cells
astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
where do you find the cell body of motor neuron? [1]
where do you find the cell bodys preganglionic autonomic neurons? [1]
where do you find the cell body of motor neuron? [1]
grey matter of ventral horn
where do you find the cell bodys preganglionic autonomic neurons? [1]
lateral horn
what are A & B? [2]
what do A & B connect? [2]
what are their roles? [1]
what are A & B? [2]
A = anterior commisure
B = internal capsule
what do A & B connect? [2]
A = temporal lobes
B = lenticular nucleus & thalamus
what are A & B? [2]
what do A & B connect? [2]
what are their roles? [1]
what are A & B? [2]
A = anterior commisure
B = internal capsule
what do A & B connect? [2]
A = temporal lobes
B = lenticular nucleus & thalamus
where do u find the nuclei in brainstem of nerves that are for:
a) sensory
b) motor
c) mixed
where do u find the nuclei in brainstem of nerves that are for:
a) sensory: lateral
b) motor: medial
c) mixed: middle
what causes, during development , the differentiated nerve fibre capsules? [1]
cytokines are released from the bare end of the nerve fibre and stimulate local CT to for a capsule around it
why are free nerve endings described as polymodal nociceptors?
free nerve endings detect chemical stimuli as well as mechanical displacement
v often produce sensation of pain
which of the following types of myelination would cause slow pain from the skin or act as thermoreceptors?
Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C
which of the following types of myelination would cause slow pain from the skin or act as thermoreceptors?
Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C
explain mechanism of what occurs after nerve injury xox
- peripheral nerve is cut
- schwann cell wraps around distal part to form continuous line of cells (and make a tunnel)
- proximal end: nerve fibres form growth cones: grow back down inside the sheath
- in growth cone, have filopodia, (contain actin)
- filopodia adhere to the cell adhesion molecules on inner surface of schwann cells, contract and pull forward along tunnel
- schwann cells wrap myeline around nerve fibre
- nerve fibres regen at 1.5mm/ day
label A-E
A: temporal
B: sphenoid
C: ethmoid
D: occipital bone
E: temporal bone
what is
ethmoid bone - purple
sphenoid bone - red
zygomatic bone - yellow
which foramen do the followng leave the skull from?
trigeminal nerve
- opthamalic (V1)
- maxillary (V2)
- mandibular (V3)
which foramen do the followng leave the skull from?
trigeminal nerve
- opthamalic (V1): supraorbital foramen
- maxillary (V2): infraoribal foramen
- mandibular (V3): mental foramen
which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull via? [1]
what does the facial nerve innervate? [1]
which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull via? [1]
stylomastoid foramen
what does the facial nerve innervate? [1]
motor muscles of facial expression
which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull via? [1]
what does the facial nerve innervate? [1]
which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull via? [1]
stylomastoid foramen
what does the facial nerve innervate? [1]
motor muscles of facial expression
spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen?
formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum
spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen?
formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum
which space do you take lumbar puncture from? [1]
which space do you take an epidural from? [1]
which space do you take lumbar puncture from? [1]
subarachnoid - take CSF
which space do you take an epidural from? [1]
epidural
which of the following is a sensory neuron?
which of the following is a motor neuron?
which of the following is a sensory neuron?
B
which of the following is a motor neuron?
A
how does path of dorsal column medial lemniscus differ if sensory input is from hand / foot? [2]
how does path of dorsal column medial lemniscus differ if sensory input is from hand / foot? [2]
- *differ on which part of the dorsal column medial lemniscus they travel up:**
- Lower body / limb: fasiculus gracilis - more medial
- upper body / limb: fasiculus cuneatus - more lateral
what are intrafusal and extrafusual motor neurons? [2]
Extrafusal muscle fibers: comprise the bulk of muscle and form the major force-generating structure. found outside
Intrafusal muscle fibers are buried in the muscle, and they contain afferent receptors for stretch, but they also contain contractile elements.
what is the name for receptor that mediates muscle tendon reflexes? [1]
what is basic structure? ^ [1]
what is inside them? [1]
what is the name for receptor that mediates muscle tendon reflexes? [1]
muscle spindle or proprioceptor
what is basic structure? ^ [1]
stretch receptor inside a CT sheath
inside = special muscle fibres called intrafusal muscle fibres
what is the difference between AP of stretched and unstretched muscles? [1]
what is the name for this? ^ [1]
what is the difference between AP of stretched and unstretched muscles? [1]
unstretched muscles are still firing AP. even though theyre at rest. However, stretched muscles increase their rate of AP firing
what is the name for this? ^ [1]
muscle length detectors
what are the two types of motor neurone that exist on muscle spindle? [2]
what do they react to? [2]
what are the two types of motor neurone that exist on muscle spindle? [2]
- a motor neuron: innervate force-generating extrafusal muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions
- y (gamma) motor neuron: stimulates contraction of the intrafusal fibres and prestretches their centers. keeps the sensitivity of muscle spindles; contraction of the infrafusal muscle fibres maintains muscle tension
what are the two types of motor neurone that exist on muscle spindle? [2]
what do they react to? [2]
what are the two types of motor neurone that exist on muscle spindle? [2]
- a motor neuron: innervate force-generating extrafusal muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions
- y (gamma) motor neuron: stimulates contraction of the intrafusal fibres and prestretches their centers. keeps the sensitivity of muscle spindles; contraction of the infrafusal muscle fibres maintains muscle tension
how are gamma and alpha motor neurones activated? [2]
how are gamma and alpha motor neurones activated? [2]
alpha motor neuron: due to activation of la muscle spindle afferent
gamma motor neuron: due to descending input from motor cortex to gamma motor neuron (not reflexively activated by the muscle spindle affernets)
describe golgi tendon organ signal pathway [2]
is this pathway excitatory or inhbitory? [1] - which NT does it use
what would GTO do if you lift weight too heavy for you? [1]
describe golgi tendon organ signal pathway [2]
- disynaptic (interneurone) connection to its own motorneurons
is this pathway excitatory or inhbitory? [1]
glyinergic inhibitory neurone
what would GTO do if you lift weight too heavy for you? [1]
GTO would switch off muscle by powerful inhib action
describe golgi tendon organ signal pathway [2]
is this pathway excitatory or inhbitory? [1] - which NT does it use
what would GTO do if you lift weight too heavy for you? [1]
describe golgi tendon organ signal pathway [2]
- disynaptic (interneurone) connection to its own motorneurons
is this pathway excitatory or inhbitory? [1]
glyinergic inhibitory neurone
what would GTO do if you lift weight too heavy for you? [1]
GTO would switch off muscle by powerful inhib action
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
common tendionous ring
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
eyeball
how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
eye lies straight on (axis of gaze), but the extraocular muscles attach at an angle (axis of orbit)
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
common tendionous ring
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
eyeball
how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
eye lies straight on (axis of gaze), but the extraocular muscles attach at an angle (axis of orbit)
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, posteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
common tendionous ring
what do 5/6 of the extraocular muscles attach to what, anteriorly of the eye socket / orbit? [1]
eyeball
how do the extraocular muscles attach to the eye in relation to the eyes position? [1]
eye lies straight on (axis of gaze), but the extraocular muscles attach at an angle (axis of orbit)
what does it look like if you have oculomotor nerve damage, regarding eye movement - why? [2]
what does it look like if you have oculomotor nerve damage, regarding eye movement - why? [2]
lateral rectus and superior oblique arent innervated by the oculomotor nerve, so they still work
get depresion and abduction
what is the cavernous sinus? [1]
which structures do you find in it? [
what is the cavernous sinus? [1]
venous space
which structures do you find in it? [5]
internal carotid artery
CN III (oculomotor)
CN IV
V1
V2
VI (abducent)
