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:M Flashcards

1
Q

which artery is a branch of the ICA that occurs in the cavernous sinus?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which artery is a branch of the ICA that occurs in the cavernous sinus?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

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2
Q

what is C?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

A

what is C?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

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3
Q

draw the circle of willis xxx

A
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4
Q

Label A-C

A

A: anterior cerebral artery
B: middle cererbral artery
C: internal carotid artery

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5
Q

label A-D [4]

A

A: vertebral artery
B: superior cerebellar artery
C: posterior cerebral artery
D: basilar artery

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6
Q

what are the main branches of the internal carotid artery? [4]

A
  1. opthalmic artery: orbit & retina. connects to external carotid artery
  2. posterior communicating: connext with carotid & vertebral artery system
  3. middle cerebral artery: connects to basal ganglia and lateral 2/3rds of cortex
  4. anterior cerebral artery: connects with medial side frontal & parietal lobes, anastamoses with MCA
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7
Q

which of the following supplies the corpus callosum?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which of the following supplies the corpus callosum?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

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8
Q

what is A?

A

cavernous sinus

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9
Q

which artery provides blood to the midbrain & thalamus

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

A

which artery provides blood to the midbrain & thalamus

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

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10
Q

which artery provides blood to the dorsal medullar of midbrain?
​
PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

A

which artery provides blood to the dorsal medullar of midbrain?
​
PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

posterior spinal arteries come off which arteries? [1]

A

posterior spinal arteries come off which arteries? [1]
PICA

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13
Q

which of the following is most common site of aortic aneurysm?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which of the following is most common site of aortic aneurysm?

​middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

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14
Q

which artery reinforces the circulation of 2/3rs of spinal cord?

where does it come from?

A

which artery reinforces the circulation of 2/3rs of spinal cord?
greater segmental medullary artery (artery of Adamkiewicz)

where does it come from?
branch of intercostal artery

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15
Q

depression is caused by a lack of ? [2]
what is treatment goal for treating depression? [2]

A

depression is caused by a lack of ? [2]
serotonin & noradrenaline

what is treatment goal for treating depression?
inhibitors of transport / reuptake of monoamines

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16
Q

which of the following inhibits uptake of monoamines?

ketamine
cocaine
heroin
nicotine
ecstasy

A

which of the following inhibits uptake of monoamines?

ketamine
cocaine
heroin
nicotine
ecstasy

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17
Q

which of the following increases release of monoamines?

ketamine
cocaine
heroin
nicotine
ecstasy

A

which of the following increases release of monoamines?

ketamine
cocaine
heroin
nicotine
ecstasy

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18
Q

what does the effectiveness of treating neurological pathologies depend on? [1]

how is this achieved/ [1]

A

what does the effectiveness of treating neurological pathologies depend on? [1]
needs to pass BBB

​how is this achieved? [1]
drug solubility in lipids - essential for crossing membranes

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

which of the following covers the posterior fossa structures (hindbrain) and supports the temporal and occipital lobes.
​
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

A

which of the following covers the posterior fossa structures (hindbrain) and supports the temporal and occipital lobes.
​
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

what is normal function of substancia nigra releasing dopamine?1

A

Substancia Nigra releases dopamine (DA)

Dopamine binds to Receptors in the striatum of the basal ganglia

Direct pathway – D1 receptors

Indirect pathway – D2 receptor

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23
Q

Treatments of Parkinson’s? [2]

A
  1. Treatments of Parkinson’s?
    L-dopa + Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
    dopamine agonist
24
Q
A
25
Q

* what are the role of basal ganglia? [3] *

A

Motor Program switching

Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement

Role in attention and cognition

26
Q

mechanism of action of cocaine and ectasy?

What is the MOA of disulfiram and how would you classify this therapy?

A

Mechanism of action of cocaine and ecstasy?
Ecstasy – increases release of monoamines
Cocaine – inhibits reuptake of monoamines

What is the MOA of disulfiram and how would you classify this therapy?

Aversion therapy
Inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase – build up of acetaldehyde

27
Q

what are the main motor symptoms of parkinsons? [5]

A

Resting Tremor

Bradykinesia

Rigidity

Frozen facial expression

Postural changes

Altered gait

Difficulty in starting and stopping movement

28
Q

what is the function of the middle ear? [3]

A
  • impedence matching
  • pressure equalisation
  • inner ear stimulation
29
Q

what is the function of the concha & pinna? [1]

A

gathers sound energy and focuses / concentrated it on the meatus

30
Q

which part of the ear divides the outer ear with inner ear?

  • eustachian tube?
  • cochlea
  • round window
  • tympanic membrane
    ​- malleus
A

which part of the ear divides the outer ear with inner ear?

  • eustachian tube?
  • cochlea
  • round window
    - tympanic membrane
    ​- malleus
31
Q

the malleus, incus and stapes are components of the middle ear, what is their function? [1]

A

transfer vibrational energy from tympanic membrane to oval window (tympanic membrane is greater in size than oval window, so needs amplfying

32
Q
A
33
Q

what are name of auditory reflexes? [2]

A
  • attentuation reflex
  • startle reflex
34
Q

attenuation reflex

a) activated by? [2]
b) relies on which muscles? [1]
c) function? [1]

A

attenuation reflex

a) activated by?: own voice / loud sounds
b) relies on which muscles: activation of middle ear muscles
c) function: dampens out low frequency sounds: improves ability to distinguish speech

35
Q

what is the cochlea? [2]

which canals does it contain? [3]

A

what is the cochlea?

  • bone with spiral structure
  • contains organ responsible for transducing sound energy

which canals does it contain? [3]

  • scala tympani: allows send energy to ascend in the cochlea to the apex
  • scala vestibuli: spirals otherway and ends at round window
  • scala media

​
(spiral shape of the cochlea allows for differing frequencies to stimulate specific areas along the spiral)

36
Q

what is the cochlea? [2]

which canals does it contain? [3]

A

what is the cochlea?

  • bone with spiral structure
  • contains organ responsible for transducing sound energy

which canals does it contain? [3]

  • scala tympani: allows send energy to ascend in the cochlea to the apex
  • scala vestibuli: spirals otherway and ends at round window
  • scala media

​
(spiral shape of the cochlea allows for differing frequencies to stimulate specific areas along the spiral)

37
Q

what is structure of inner hair cells like found in the cochlea?

a) upper part [3]
b) lower part [3]

explain mech of how nerve impulse is sent from inner hair cell in cochlea?

A

stereocilia of inner hair cells structure:

  • *top part:
    i) ** stereocilia that are interconnected by cell adhesion molecules
    ii) contain K+ channels.
    iii) surroundered by endolymph (more like ECF, more like ICF: high K, low Na)
  • *bottom part:**
    i) surroundered by perilymph (more like ECF - low K, high Na)
    ii) Ca2+ gate channels
    iii) afferent nerve fibres close by

mechanism:

  • stereocilia become displaced / move
  • opens K+ channels
  • depolarises the cell
  • causes Ca+2 channels to open lower down the cell
  • causes exocytosis of vesicles
  • fused with membrane
  • causes NT to diffuse across and activate afferent nerve !
38
Q
A
39
Q

which nuclei in the brain determins the source of sound? [1]
how does it do this? [2]

A

superior olivary nuclei

distance and interaural level differences between two ears

40
Q

how do synapses differ from L & R ear if the sound does not come from distance that is equidistant?

A

e.g:

sound reaches left ear first: left ear connects to neurons in olivary nuclei first
sound reaches right ear second: connects to neurons in olivary nuclei second

when comes from left ear first / louder on left: AP from left ear can penerate further in olivary nuclei c.f. from right.

if timing is similar: convergence occurs

41
Q
A
42
Q

what does Rinne’s test test?
how do u do this?
what is normal [1]
conduction deafness [1]
sensorineural deafness [1]

A

Rinne test: Place the base of a struck tuning fork on the mastoid bone behind the ear. Have the patient indicate when sound is no longer heard. Move fork (held at base) beside ear and ask if now audible. In a normal test, AC > BC; patient can hear fork at ear. With conductive loss, BC > AC; patient will not hear fork at ear.

- normal response: sound is heard louder and longer by air conduction. sound from tuning fork stops, but if move the fork closer - sound is still heard (bc easier to hear air conducted sound)

  • conduction deafness: take tuning fork off mastoid proces, tuning fork wont be heard (bc bone conduction is better than air conduction of affected side)

sensorineural deafness: air conduction is better than bone conduction in affected ear. sound is loudest in unaffected ear

43
Q

how do u conduct webers test? [1]

what is normal? [1]
what is conduction deafness response [1]
what is sensorineural deafness response [1]

A

vibrating tuning fork on middle of forehead & ask patient which ear it is heard.

normal patient = equally heard

conduction deafness = sound is louder in affected ear

sensorineural deafness = sound is louder in unaffected ear

44
Q

explain pathway of hearing in spinal tracts xx

A

primary order neuron: spiral ganglia in cochlea, axons form auditory nerve & synapse in medulla

secondary order neuron: medulla –> pons. axons collaterals decussate = bilateral asecension. synapses form in the olivery nuclei (helps determine location of sound)

goes to ML & primary sensory cortex

45
Q

all voluntary movements rely on direct innervation from:

upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron:
cerebellum
basal ganglia
​thalamus

A

all voluntary movements rely on direct innervation from:

upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron:
cerebellum
basal ganglia
​thalamus

46
Q

describe the basic functions of

  • LMN
  • UMN
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia

in creating movement !

A

LMN: produce _muscle contraction_s via activation of motor neurons that synapse on a group of muscles fibres = motor units. strengh of contraction depends on no. of active motor units

UMN: produces voluntary movement - decides how many LMN are needed to contract to give correct response

Cerebellum: co-ordinate muscle movement, selects correct sequences (esp. for multijoint movements)

Basal ganglia: initiation and maintenence of movements, contains motor programs

47
Q

which 3 functionally distinct motor pathways does UMN use? [3]

A

which 3 functionally distinct motor pathways does UMN use?

  • *​corticospinal tracts:** precise movements
  • *rubrospinal** tracts: gross movements, flexor movement
  • *vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts**: posture and balance, muscle tone and position of head and limbs
48
Q

label the pathways of UMN x

A

A: lateral corticospinal tract. key !!

B; rubrospinal tract

C: reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

D: ventral and corticospinal tracts

49
Q

function of rubrospinal tract? [2]

A
  • *faciliates reflex activity**: facilitates flexors & inhibits extensors
  • *permits gross movements**
50
Q

efference copy signal? [1]

A

efference copy signal: motor signal from the CNS to the periphery - an internal copy of an efferent movement producing signal that can be compared to the sensory input that results

51
Q

what are functions of the:

vestibulo-cerebellum
spino-cerebellum
cerebro-cerebellum

what does damage of each of the above cause?

A

what are functions of the:

vestibulo-cerebellum:

  • **balance & posture
  • co-ordinates eye and head movements**
  • damage = ability to stand and maintain posture impaired

spino-cerebellum:

  • *- locomotion
  • voluntary movements of arms and legs
  • damage = overshoot and intention tremor, impaired gait**

cerebro-cerebellum

  • **skilled motor tasks
  • ataxia failure**
52
Q

what is the brake theory? [2]
(to keep still..
to move…)

A
  • to keep still you must put brakes on all movements execpt those movements that maintain upright posture [1]
  • to move you must apply a brake to some postural reflexes and release the brake on voluntary movement [1]
53
Q

what is muscle tone due to? [3]

which structure detects tension in the tendon? [1]

A

muscle tone: due to a partial state of contraction in some fibres [1]. maintained reflexievly and adjuststed to the needs and posture of movement [1]
requires integity of monosynpatic reflex to occur [1]

= resting tension !!

which structure detects tension in the tendon? [1]golgi tendon organ

54
Q

what is D?

carotid canal
optic tract
olfactory tract
optic chiasm
superior sagital sinus

A

what is D?

carotid canal
optic tract
olfactory tract
optic chiasm
superior sagital sinus

55
Q

which of the following is arachnoid mater?

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

A

which of the following is arachnoid mater?

A
B
C
D
E
​F
G

56
Q

which of the following is arachnoid mater?

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

A

which of the following is arachnoid mater?

A
B
C
D
E
​F
G

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