HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY GLAND Flashcards
which of the following lies either side of the thalamus?
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle
- midbrain
- corpus callosum
- lateral ventricles
which of the following lies either side of the thalamus?
- *- third ventricles**
- fourth ventricle
- midbrain
- corpus callosum
- lateral ventricles
which structure is outlined in green?
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle
- thalamus
- corpus callosum
- lateral ventricles
which structure is outlined in green?
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle
- thalamus
- corpus callosum
- lateral ventricles
what is A? [1]
- pineal gland
which bone does the pituitary gland sit in ?
- temporal
- zygomatic
- sphenoid
- frontal
- vomer
which bone does the pituitary gland sit in ?
- temporal
- zygomatic
- *- sphenoid**
- frontal
- vomer
label A-C
A: thalamus
B: hypothalamus
C: pituitary gland
which of the following is the hypothalamus?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the hypothalamus?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the lateral ventricle?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the lateral ventricle?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the third ventricle?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the third ventricle?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the interventricular foramen?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the interventricular foramen?
A
B
C
D
E
which nuclei in the hypothalamus do u need to know? [2]
which nuclei in the hypothalamus do u need to know? [2]
paraventricular nucleus
supraoptic nucleus
how is the pituitary split up? [2]
what is the name of the structure that the pituitary sits in? [1]
what is the pituitary stalk aka? [1]
how is the pituitary split up? [2]
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
what is the name of the structure that the pituitary sits in? [1]
sella turcica
what is the pituitary stalk aka? [1]
infundibulum
what is the difference in anterior and posterior pituitary development? [1]
what are the two kinds out outputs to the pituitary from the hypothalamus? [2]
what is the difference in anterior and posterior pituitary development? [1]
posterior pit = direct outgrowth of brain (specifically the hypothalamus)
anterior pit = indirect growth: develops from ectoderm in roof of mouth & migrates up
what are the two kinds out outputs to the pituitary from the hypothalamus? [2]
posterior pit = direct
anterior pit = indirect via a capillary plexus in the stalk of the anterior pit
which part of the pituitary gland do the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project into? [1]
what occurs here? [1]
where do the other hypothalamic nuclei release their peptides? [1]
which part of the pituitary gland do the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project into? [1]
project into the posterior lobe
what occurs here? [1]
release peptides into the capillaries in the posterior pit
where do the other hypothalamic nuclei release their peptides? [1]
capillary plexus in the neck of the pit. stalk
technically, how do you classify:
a) anterior pituitary [1]
b) posterior pituitary [1]
technically, how do you classify:
a) anterior pituitary: endocrine gland
b) posterior pituitary: part of the brain
what is A?
Sella turcica
what is A? [1]
what type of structure is this? [1]
cavernous sinuses: venous sinus.
which structure passes through the centre of the cavernous sinuses? [1]
which CNs pass through the lateral walls of the cavernous sinuses? [3]
which structure passes through the centre of the cavernous sinuses? [1]
carotid artery
which CNs pass through the lateral walls of the cavernous sinuses? [3]
**CN III, IV & VI and V1 and V2 of V
optic nerve does not though !!**
what does the hypothalamus (& pit) regulate? [4]
what does the hypothalamus & pit regulate? [4]
- *homeostasis of:
- temp
- body water
- sleep & waking cycles
- reproduction**
out of SNS and PNS, which controls
a) erection?
b) ejaculation?
out of SNS and PNS, which controls
a) erection: parasympathetic
b) ejaculation: sympathetic
how does the hypothalamus regulate body temperature?
- where do you find thermoreceptors? [2]
- how do you know if too hot / cold? [1]
how does the hypothalamus regulate body temperature?
- where do you find thermoreceptors? [2]
- *i) cutaneous thermoreceptors
ii) anterior nucleus of hypothalamus: blood temp** - how do you know if too hot / cold? [1]
- *= info from these two sources are compared to set point (in anterior nucleus) & heat loss / gain mech is activated**
what are heat loss effectors? [3]
what are heat gain effectors? [4]
what are heat loss effectors? [3]
secrete sweat from sweat glands;
cutaneous vasodilation - heat loss by convection & conduction
become inactive (muscle activity generates heat, so stop that)
what are heat gain effectors? [4]
- stop sweat
- *- erector pili muscles stand up: pilierection: traps layer of heat
- vasoconstriction
- shivering. using glucose to create heat (**when shivering stops is cuz youve used up your glucose & become hypothermic)
how does the hypothalamus regulate water balance?
- where do you find osmoreceptors? [1]
- which hypothalamic nuclei are stimulated to increase water in ur body ? how do they work?
- where do you find osmoreceptors? [1]
- *subfornical organ (wall of third ventricle): detects osmolarity**
- subforrnical organ activates cells in the:
- *i) medial preoptic nucleus**
- this nucleus connects to the limbic system: regulates concious sense of thirst
- *ii) paraventricular nucleus & supraoptic nucleus**
- secrete ADH (makes more aquaporins in CD)
- oxytocin
what are three mechanisms of ADH reducing water loss? [3]
- Increase aquaporins in CD
- increases perm. of CD to urea (water follows)
- stimulates sodium reab in thick loop of henle: Na/K/2Cl
how is baby sucking on a breast an example of creating a neuro-hormonal reflex? [2]
how does oxytocin promote maternal bonding? [2]
baby sucking on a teat:
- sucking action is transmitted to the hypothalamus via spinothalamic tract (neuro)
- releases oyxtocin from posterior pit. (hormonal)
- activates the milk down reflex
how does oxytocin promote maternal bonding? [2]
- *- suckiling - causes oxytocin release in mothers brain
- this is associated with reward - limbic system**
