Anatomy 2 Flashcards
Despina is experiencing a hoarse voice, which cranial nerve is likely affected?
Trigeminal (V)
Vagus (X)
Facial (VII)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Despina is experiencing a hoarse voice, which cranial nerve is likely affected?
Trigeminal (V)
Vagus (X)
Facial (VII)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Despina is experiencing vertigo, which cranial nerve is likely affected?
Trigeminal (V)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Facial (VII)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Despina is experiencing vertigo, which cranial nerve is likely affected?
Trigeminal (V)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Facial (VII)
Hypoglossal (XII)
what is this strucutre highlighted at the top? [1]
thalamus
what are the structure highlighted?
cerebral peduncles x
which of the following is the olive?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the olive?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the medulla pyramids?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the medulla pyramids?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following shows where decussation occurs?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following shows where decussation occurs?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following are the cerebellar peduncles?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following are the cerebellar peduncles?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following are the inferior colliculus?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following are the inferior colliculus?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following are the superior colliculus?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following are the superior colliculus?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the 4th ventricle?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the 4th ventricle?
A
B
C
D1
E
which is the only CN to leave the brainstem dorsally? [1]
what level of brainstem does ths occur at ? [1]
which is the only CN to leave the brainstem dorsally? [1]
trochlear nerve
what level of brainstem does ths occur at ? [1]
inferior colliculi
A: midbrain - identified by the large cerebral peduncles
B: medulla (superior / open)
C: pons - iD by bugle at front
D medulla inferior
where do you find the spinothalamic tract
pons
midbrain
medulla
where do you find the spinothalamic tract
pons
midbrain
medulla
which artery supplies the lateral aspect of the midbrain?
vertebral artery
basilar artery
anterior spinal artery
pontine branches
PICA
which artery supplies the lateral aspect of the midbrain?
vertebral artery
basilar artery
anterior spinal artery
pontine branches
PICA
which is the inner most layer of the eye?
cornea
lens
fovea
retina
iris
which is the inner most layer of the eye?
cornea
lens
fovea
retina
iris
which two structures join to form the optic disc? [2]
which two structures join to form the optic disc? [2]
optic nerve & retina
which location in the eye is the location of maximal photoreceptor density?
optic disc
macula
iris
lens
retina
which location in the eye is the location of maximal photoreceptor density?
optic disc
macula
iris
lens
retina
optic nerve fibres exit the eye ball and enter the cranium through the WHAT? [1]
what are the optic nerves surrounded by extensions of ? [2]
optic nerve fibres exit the eye ball and enter the cranium through the WHAT? [1]
optic canal
what are the optic nerves surrounded by extensions of ? [2]
The optic nerves are surrounded by extensions of the cranial meninges and subarachnoid space, which is filled with CSF.
- After travelling through the canal the nerve enters the middle cranial fossa. Each nerve meets to form the WHAT? [1]
- Fibres from the medial aspect of the eye WHAT to the opposite side and then continue on via the WHAT?
- As a result the optic tracts contain fibres from the XX side of the eye on the XX side and the XX retina from the XX site, thus carrying all information from the same half of the visual field.
After travelling through the canal the nerve enters the middle cranial fossa. Each nerve meets to form the optic chiasm.
- Fibres from the medial aspect of the eye cross over to the opposite side and then continue on via the optic tracts.
- As a result the optic tracts contain fibres from the lateral (temporal) retina of the eye on the same side and the nasal retina from the opposite site, thus carrying all information from the same half of the visual field.
whaet is highlighted here?
optic chiasm
where do the paired optic tracts send most axons to synapse: in the XXX XXX XXX of the X?
what happens after this?
After travelling through the canal the nerve enters the middle cranial fossa. Each nerve meets to form the optic chiasm.
- Fibres from the medial aspect of the eye cross over to the opposite side and then continue on via the optic tracts.
- As a result the optic tracts contain fibres from the lateral (temporal) retina of the eye on the same side and the nasal retina from the opposite site, thus carrying all information from the same half of the visual field.
//
where do the paired optic tracts send most axons to synapse: in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
Axons of the thalamic neurons project through the internal capsule to form the optic radiations, which project to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe, where conscious perception of visual images occurs.
what does left temporal hemianopia look like?
what does left homonymous hemianopia look like?
what does bitemporal hemianopia look like?
what does left homonymus heminanopa with macula sparing look like?
what is this?
bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia
what is this?
bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia
what is this?
bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia
what is this?
bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia
what is this?
bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia
what is this?
bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia
What has caused this visual field defect?
Pituitary adenoma
Haemorrhagic stroek
Ischaemic stroke
Meningitis
Cerebellar tumour
What has caused this visual field defect?
Pituitary adenoma
Haemorrhagic stroek
Ischaemic stroke
Meningitis
Cerebellar tumour
When is rotation of the eyeball used? [1]
Acceptable responses: head tilt, when tilting you head, tilting your head to one side
what is the highlighted thing?
- superior rectus
- superior oblique
- levator palpebrae superioris
- medial rectus
- lateral rectus
what is the highlighted thing?
- superior rectus
- superior oblique
- *- levator palpebrae superioris**
- medial rectus
- lateral rectus
what do the following do?
Superior rectus: [3]
Inferior rectus: [3]
Superior oblique: [3]
Inferior oblique: [3]
Superior rectus: elevation, adduction and intorsion
Inferior rectus: depression, adduction and extorsion
Superior oblique: Depression, abduction and intorsion
Inferior oblique: Elevation, abduction and extorsion
The action of the medial and lateral recti is straightforward: medial rectus adducts the globe (eyeball) and lateral rectus abducts the globe, without elevation or depression.
The superior and inferior recti act to elevate and depress the globe respectively. However as the orientation of the muscle is not inline with the angle of the orbit, the recti muscles also create secondary actions.
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
label this branches of the muscles of the CN III
lesions to the oculomotor nerve result in WHAT position of the eye? [2]
why? [1]
what happens to the pupils? [1]
what happens to eyelids? [1]
Lesions to the oculomotor nerve result in a resting ‘down and out’ position of the eye, due to the unopposed actions of lateral rectus and superior oblique
what happens to the pupils? [1] dilates
what happens to eyelids? [1] droop (ptosis)
which extraoculomotor muscle is innervated by the trochlea nerve? [1] !!
which extraoculomotor muscle is innervated by the trochlea nerve? [1] !!
superior oblique
the superior oblique assists which muscle in depressing the pupil?
superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
inferior rectus
the superior oblique assists which muscle in depressing the pupil?
superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
inferior rectus
the abducens enters the brain through what? [1]
the abducens enters the brain through what? [1]
superior orbital fissure
which muscle does the abducens innervate?
superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
inferior rectus
which muscle does the abducens innervate?
superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
inferior rectus
which CN innervates the blue eye?
oculomotor
trochlear
optic
abducens
which CN innervates the blue eye?
oculomotor
trochlear
optic
abducens
where does the trigeminal nerve arise?
lateral aspect of the pons
lateral aspect of the midbrain
medial aspect of the medulla
where does the trigeminal nerve arise?
lateral aspect of the pons
lateral aspect of the midbrain
medial aspect of the medulla
what are the major divisions of the trigeminal nerve? [3]
what are the major divisions of the trigeminal nerve? [3]
opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
what is the role of opthalmic (V1) nerve? [1]
which cavernous sinuss does V1 pass through? [1]
what does the opthalmic nerve split into? [3]
what is the role of opthalmic (V1) nerve? [1]
sensory: cornea, upper conjunctiva, upper nasal mucosa, frontal and ethmoidal sinus
which cavernous sinuss does V1 pass through? [1]
superior orbital fissure
what does the opthalmic nerve split into? [3]
frontal nerve
nasociliary nerve
lacrimal nerve
which nerve does the maxillary nerve (V2) subdivide into? [1
through which hole does maxillary nerve (V2) exit the cranil fossa through? [1]
which nerve does the maxillary nerve (V2) subdivide into? [1]
superior alveolar nerves
through which hole does maxillary nerve (V2) exit the cranil fossa through? [1]
rotundum
which nerves does the mandibular nerve (V3) subdivide into? [2]
role of mandibular nerve? [2]
through which hole does mandibular nerve (V3) exit the cranil fossa through? [1]
which nerves does the mandibular nerve (V3) subdivide into? [2]
inferior alveolar nerve
lingual nerve –> chorda tympani
role of mandibular nerve? [2]
sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 tongue
motor supply to muscles of mastication
through which hole does mandibular nerve (V3) exit the cranil fossa through? [1]
foramen ovale
vestibulocochlear nerve:
where does the it arise from? [2]
vestibulocochlear nerve:
where does the it arise from? [2]
vestibular part: pons & medulla
cochlear part: cerebellar peduncle
Through which foramen do the facial nerve (CNVII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII) exit the cranium? [1]
Acceptable responses: Internal acoustic meatus, IAM
which nerve has the longest intraosseus course of all the cranial nerves?
- trochlea
- facial
- vestibulocochlear nerve
- vagus
- glossopharyngeal
which nerve has the longest intraosseus course of all the cranial nerves?
- trochlea
- *- facial**
- vestibulocochlear nerve
- vagus
- glossopharyngeal
Through which foramen do the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX), the vagus nerve (CNX) and the accessory nerve (CNXI) exit the cranium? [1]
Acceptable responses: Jugular foramen, Jugular
complete for CNIX - glossopharnyngeal nerve:
Motor: [1]
General sensory: [3]
Special sensory:[1]
Autonomic (parasympathetic): [1]
Motor: stylopharyngeus
General sensory: pharynx, tonsillar sinus, pharyngotympanic tube and middle ear cavity
Special sensory: taste to posterior third of tongue
Autonomic (parasympathetic): parotid glands
VN:
Motor:[3]
General sensory: [2]
Autonomic (parasympathetic):[3]
Motor: palate, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus) and larynx
General sensory: pharynx and larynx
Autonomic (parasympathetic): trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, heart and GI tract (to left colic flexure)
Which of the following extrinsic muscles of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
Which of the following extrinsic muscles of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus: VN instead
Which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve travel through in the skull? [1]
Acceptable responses: Hypoglossal, Hypoglossal canal
