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:O Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following facilitates y-motor neurons of extenors of body?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

A

which of the following facilitates y-motor neurons of extenors of body?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

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2
Q

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

​Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Foramen rotundum
foramen magnum
jugular foramen

A

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

​Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Foramen rotundum
foramen magnum
jugular foramen

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3
Q

Label A-D

A
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Marie has a thrombus in her right middle cerebral artery, which functional areas would you expect to be affected?

Facial sensation

Facial movements

Leg movements

Leg sensation

Speech production

Speech comprehension

The MCA provides blood supply for the somatosensory and motor cortices, but only the regions dedicated to the face and upper limb. The lower limb is supplied by the ACA. Broca and Wernicke’s regions are usually located in the left cortex, and so are unlikely to be affected in this case.

A

Marie has a thrombus in her right middle cerebral artery, which functional areas would you expect to be affected?

Facial sensation

Facial movements

Leg movements

Leg sensation

Speech production

Speech comprehension

The MCA provides blood supply for the somatosensory and motor cortices, but only the regions dedicated to the face and upper limb. The lower limb is supplied by the ACA. Broca and Wernicke’s regions are usually located in the left cortex, and so are unlikely to be affected in this case.

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6
Q

the upper limb & face somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery?

ICA
MCA
ACA
Basilar A
​PCA

A

the upper limb & face somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery?

ICA
MCA
ACA
Basilar A
​PCA

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7
Q

which artery is labeled A?

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating arteries
basilar artery

A

which artery is labeled A?

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating arteries
basilar artery

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8
Q

the lower limb somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery?

ICA
MCA
ACA
Basilar A
PCA

A

the lower limb somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery?

ICA
MCA
ACA
Basilar A
PCA

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9
Q

which regions of the brain detect whether you are thirsty? [2]
- which ventricle are they close to? [1]

A

which regions of the brain detect whether you are thirsty? [2]
subfornical
OVLT

  • which ventricle are they close to? [1]
  • *third ventricle**
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10
Q

which of the following is where internal cues (such as blood hormones are detected) when controlling hunger?

lateral hypthalamic nucleus
arcuate nucleus
periventricular nucleus
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus

A

which of the following is where internal cues (such as blood hormones are detected) when controlling hunger?

lateral hypthalamic nucleus
arcuate nucleus
periventricular nucleus
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus

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11
Q

which cell types in the arcuate nucleus

a) increase hunger? [2]
b) decreaes hunger? [2]

A

grehlin / insulin & other hormones travel to arcuate nucleus and interact with some cell types:

increase hunger:

  • Agouti-related peptitde (AGRP)
  • neuropeptide Y neurones (NPY)

decrease hunger

  • cocaine & amphethamine transcript neurones (CART)
  • pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

& interact !!

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12
Q

ghrelin is mainly released from which part of the stomach? [1]

which nerve detects stomach contractions & causes release of ghrelin? [1]

ghrelin causes the release of which hormones from arcuate nucleus? [2]

A

ghrelin is mainly released from which part of the stomach? [1]
fundus (but also pancreas & ileum)

which nerve detects stomach contractions & causes release of ghrelin? [1]
vagus nerve detects stomach contractions and signals to brainstem & hypothalamus to release ghrelin

ghrelin causes the release of which hormones from arcuate nucleus? [2]
neuropeptide Y
agouti related peptide

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13
Q

ghrelin is mainly released from which part of the stomach? [1]

which nerve detects stomach contractions & causes release of ghrelin? [1]

ghrelin causes the release of which hormones from arcuate nucleus? [2]

A

ghrelin is mainly released from which part of the stomach? [1]
fundus (but also pancreas & ileum)

which nerve detects stomach contractions & causes release of ghrelin? [1]
vagus nerve detects stomach contractions and signals to brainstem & hypothalamus to release ghrelin

ghrelin causes the release of which hormones from arcuate nucleus? [2]
neuropeptide Y
agouti related peptide

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14
Q

Q

what is GLP-1?
role on:

  • satiety [1]
  • insulin & glucagon levels[1]
  • gastric emptying [1]
A

A

Glucagon like peptide -1

  • inhibits gastric emptying = produces feeling of fullness
  • stimulates: insulin secretion & decreases glucagon (lowers blood glucose)
  • produces rapid satiety
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15
Q

CCK, GLP-1, insulin & other peptides stimulate which neurones in the arcuate nucleus? [2]

what effect does this have on satiety? [1]

A

CCK, GLP-1 & other peptides stimulate which neurones in the arcuate nucleus? [2]
POMC
CART

what effect does this have on satiety? [1]
stimulates satiety

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16
Q

what is pancreatic peptide YY hormone’s role:

effect on satiety? [2]

A

what is pancreatic peptide YY hormone’s role:

effect on satiety?
increases ileal absorbtion and slows gastric emptying

17
Q

ascending reticular formation (RAS) functions? [2]

descending reticular formation functions? [2]

A

ascending reticular formation (RAS) functions? [2]
sleep arousal (causes delta wave block)

descending reticular formation functions? [2]

  • *modulates pain**
  • *controls motor function**
18
Q

name functions of reticular formation [5]

A
  1. somatic motor control
  2. CV & resp control
  3. pain modulation
  4. sleep & conciousness
  5. habituation
19
Q

which part of the RF is associated with release of noradrenaline? [1]

where do the ascending and descending tracts from ^^ go? [2]

A

locus coeruleus

goes directly to: sympathetic NS control centre - activated by hypothalamus

20
Q

which part of the RF is associated with release of serotonin?

A

raphe nuclei

21
Q

describe the functions of the reticulospinal tracts from

a) medial / pontine reticulospinal tract
b) lateral / medullary reticulospinal tract

A

describe the functions of the reticulospinal tracts from

a) medial reticulospinal tract (from the pons)
control axial and extensor motor neurons = extension of legs
stepping

b) lateral reticulospinal tract (from the medulla):
flexor motor neurons
inhibits medial reticulospinal tract: switches off extensors & modulates stretch reflex

BOTH are located in white matter !!

22
Q

steering of head and trunk in response to external stimuli is associated with:

medial reticulospinal tracts
​lateral reticulospinal tracts

A

steering of head and trunk in response to external stimuli is associated with:

medial reticulospinal tracts
​lateral reticulospinal tracts

23
Q

reduces muscle tone (atonia), especailly when in REM sleep:

medial reticulospinal tracts
​lateral reticulospinal tracts

A

reduces muscle tone (atonia), especailly when in REM sleep:

medial reticulospinal tracts
​lateral reticulospinal tracts

24
Q

after information comes inm where is the main region of the brain that decides if action should be sympathetic or parasympathetic? [1]

A

nucleus of solitary tract !!!!

25
Q

explain v basic overview of afferent –> motor for autonomic control x

A
  • afferent receptors (like baroreceptors / chemoreceptors etc) go via visceral sensory afferents to brain & hypothalamus
  • autonomic control system (i_n hypothalamus AND reticular formation_) sends information to motor output (para or sym)
26
Q

how does RF influence respiratory control? [2]

A

- pneumotactic centre (superior pons) sends inhib impulse to inspiratory centre of medulla: switches off inspiration (allows you to breathe out !! )

- apneustic centre (inferior pons) prolongs inspiration (increases depth of inspiration for 2 secs then inhibited by pneuomotaxic centre)

27
Q

how does RF influence respiratory control? [2]

A

- pneumotactic centre (superior pons) sends inhib impulse to inspiratory centre of medulla: switches off inspiration (allows you to breathe out !! )

- apneustic centre (inferior pons) prolongs inspiration (increases depth of inspiration for 2 secs then inhibited by pneuomotaxic centre)

28
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating generalised arousal level?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating generalised arousal level?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

29
Q

which part of the brain is sleep promoting [1]
which parts are arousal promoting? [2]

A

sleep promoting:
anterior hypothalamus. inhibit wake promoting neurons

ascending arousal systems:
RF
Posterior hypothalamus

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