Neural control of movement Flashcards

1
Q

describe neurodevelopment of movement - what is the order of increasing complexity associated with each part of brain? [4]

A
  • *1. pons 1-5 weeks,** (crawling on stomach)
  • *2. midbrain, 4-13 months** (crawl hands and knees, hands open and close)
  • *3. cortex 8- 96 months** (upright walk and cross pattern)
  • *4. prefrontal cortex up to 25 years** (refined skills for performance)
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2
Q

descibe mechanism of monosynaptic reflex

A

descibe mechanism of monosynaptic reflex

  • muscle spindles receptor are activated by tendon & muscle being stretched & causes contraction of extrafusal fibres

BUT: 4 distinct but interactive systems come into play here:

  • lower motor neurons of monosynaptic reflex will modulate the activity of the reflex (e..g if thinking about reflex it will be reduced)
  • upper motor neurons
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia
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3
Q

all voluntary movements rely on direct innervation from:

upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron
cerebellum
basal ganglia
thalamus

A

all voluntary movements rely on direct innervation from:

upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron:
cerebellum
basal ganglia
​thalamus

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4
Q

describe the basic functions of

  • LMN
  • UMN
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia

in creating movement !

A

LMN: produce _muscle contraction_s via activation of motor neurons that synapse on a group of muscles fibres = motor units. strengh of contraction depends on no. of active motor units

UMN: produces voluntary movement - decides how many LMN are needed to contract to give correct response

Cerebellum: co-ordinate muscle movement, selects correct sequences (esp. for multijoint movements)

Basal ganglia: initiation and maintenence of movements, contains motor programs

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5
Q

Lower motor neurons:

  • located where in the
    a) spinal cord?
    b) brain stem?
  • what symptoms can occur if you have damage to LMN? [5]
A

Lower motor neurons:

  • located where in the
    a) spinal cord: anterior horn / ventral horn
    b) brain stem: cranail nerve nuclei
  • what symptoms can occur if you have damage to LMN? [5]
  • *- flaccid paralysis**
  • *- hypotonia (small amount of residual activity (that is tone) is gone))
  • fasiciculations (small muscle twitching) - Ach receptors will spread out over surface of other muscle fibres - causes activation
  • muscle atrophy**
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6
Q

upper motor neurons:

  • where are cell bodies normally found?
  • which 3 functionally distinct motor pathways does UMN use? what movements do they cause
A

upper motor neurons:

  • where are cell bodies normally found?
  • *primary motor cortex**
  • which 3 functionally distinct motor pathways does UMN use?
    corticospinal tracts: precise movements
    rubrospinal tracts: gross movements, flexor movement
    vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts: posture and balance, muscle tone and position of head and limbs
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7
Q

label the pathways of UMN x

A

A: lateral corticospinal tract. key !!

B; rubrospinal tract

C: reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

D: ventral and corticospinal tracts

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8
Q

lateral corticalspinal tract controls WHAT? [1]

ventral corticalspinal tract controls WHAT? [1]

where does most of the corticospinal tract orginate from? [1]

A

lateral corticalspinal tract controls WHAT? [1]
distal musculature fine motor control

ventral corticalspinal tract controls WHAT? [1]
axial musculature (less important to know about)

where does most of the corticospinal tract orginate from? [1]
primary motor complex (although some comes from primary sensory cortex)

SOMATOTOPICALLY ORGANISED

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9
Q

at which point does the corticospinal tract decussate? [1]

A

at which point does the corticospinal tract decussate? [1]
spinomedullary junction

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10
Q

rubrospinal tract:

starts and finish points? [2]

recieves informatiom from? [2]

function? [2]

A

rubrospinal tract:

starts and finish points? [2]

  • *start: red nucleus
    finish: synapses on interneurons in spinal cord**

recieves informatiom from? [1]
reticular formation

function? [2]
faciliates reflex activity: facilitates flexors & inhibits extensors

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11
Q

which of the motor tracts overlap in spinal cord? [2]

A

which of the motor tracts overlap in spinal cord?

- corticospinal & rubrospinal tracts

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12
Q

vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts: (dont really need to know)

  • vestibulospinal tract:
    a) controls what ? [2]
    b) damage results in? [1]

reticulospinal tract:
controls what? [1]

A

vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts:

  • vestibulospinal tract:
    a) controls: head eye coordination: maintains balance and upright posture
    b) damage results in: ataxia

reticulospinal tract:
controls: excitatory and inhibit activity of LMN

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13
Q

approx. 1/2 of the UMN axons orginate from:

Brodmann’s area 1
Brodmann’s area 2
Brodmann’s area 3
Brodmann’s area 4
Brodmann’s area 5

A

approx. 1/2 of the UMN axons orginate from:

Brodmann’s area 1
Brodmann’s area 2
Brodmann’s area 3
Brodmann’s area 4 = aka primary motor cortex
Brodmann’s area 5

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14
Q

approx 1/2 of the axons of the corticospinal tract orginate from primary motor cortex - brodmann’s area 4. where else do they originate from? [3]

A

approx 1/2 of the axons of the corticospinal tract orginate from primary motor cortex - brodmann’s area 4. where else do they originate from? [3]

Brodmann area 6: supplementory motor cortex
Lateral premotor cortex

**Brodmann area 5: parietal cortex
Bromadnn area 1,2,3: somatosensory cortex

IMPORTANT TO RECOGNISE THAT ORIGINATES FROM ALL OVER BECAUSE KNOWLEDGE OF WHERE THE BODY IS IN SPACE, WHERE IT INTENDS TO GO AND THE SELECTION OF A PLAN REQUIRES MULTIPLE INPUT**

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15
Q

what are efference copy signals?

what is the function ?

A

efference copy signal: motor signal from the CNS to the periphery - an internal copy of an efferent movement producing signal that can be compared to the sensory input that results

Efference copies refer to internal duplicates of movement-producing neural signals. Their primary function is to predict, and often suppress, the sensory consequences of willed movements

function:
- reduces cognitive load by decreasing sensory sensory processing of the reafferent information

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16
Q

what is A?

A

efference copy signals

17
Q
A
18
Q

cerebellum:
- role in movement? [2]
- what does damage result in?
- what are the three parts of the cerebellum? [3]

A

cerebellum:

  • role in movement? [2]
    co-ordinates complicated multi joint movements
    compares proprioception from movement with what you plan to do (
    does movement match with what you wanted to do)
  • what does damage result in? [1]
  • *uncooordinated movements**
  • what are the three parts of the cerebellum? [3]
    vestibulo-cerebellum
    spino-cerebellum
    cerebro-cerebellum
19
Q

what are functions of the:

vestibulo-cerebellum
spino-cerebellum
cerebro-cerebellum

what does damage of each of the above cause?

A

what are functions of the:

vestibulo-cerebellum:

  • **balance & posture
  • co-ordinates eye and head movements**
  • damage = ability to stand and maintain posture impaired

spino-cerebellum:

  • *- locomotion
  • voluntary movements of arms and legs
  • damage = overshoot and intention tremor, impaired gait**

cerebro-cerebellum

  • **skilled motor tasks
  • ataxia failure**
20
Q

which part of cerebellum causes balance & posture and co-ordinates eye and head movements

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
b) spino-cerebellum
c) cerebro-cerebellum

A

which part of cerebellum causes balance & posture and co-ordinates eye and head movements

  • *a) vestibulo-cerebellum**
    b) spino-cerebellum
    c) cerebro-cerebellum
21
Q

which part of cerebellum causes skilled motor tasks?

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
b) spino-cerebellum
c) cerebro-cerebellum

A

which part of cerebellum causes skilled motor tasks?

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
b) spino-cerebellum
* *c) cerebro-cerebellum**

22
Q

which part of cerebellum causes locomotion & movements of arms and legs?

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
b) spino-cerebellum
c) cerebro-cerebellum

A

which part of cerebellum causes locomotion & movements of arms and legs?

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
* *b) spino-cerebellum**
c) cerebro-cerebellum

23
Q

what are the basal ganglia?
what are the five nuclei?
function?

A

Basal ganglia: or basal nuclei, are a group of subcortical structures found deep within the white matter of the brain.

5 nuclei:

  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • substantia nigra
  • subthalamic nuclei

function:
- initation and maintence of motor actions - scale the strength of the response and organise correct sequence of activity

24
Q

what is the difference between output of cerebellum and basal ganglia? [1]

A
  • *cerebellum**: has direct regulation of execution of movements
  • *basal gaglia:** does not have direct regulation of execution of movements - feedbacks to premotor and motor cortex which then initiates final motor movement.
25
Q

what is the brake theory? [2]

damage to brake theory causes what? [4]

A
  • to keep still you must put brakes on all movements execpt those movements that maintain upright posture [1]
  • to move you must apply a brake to some postural reflexes and release the brake on voluntary movement [1]

damage to brake theory causes what? [4]
tremors
invol muscle movements
parkinsns disease
difficulty iniating movement

26
Q

why is substantia nigra called the substantia nigra? [1]

A

why is substantia nigra called the substantia nigra? [1]
dopamine is NT of substantia nigra & it appears black

27
Q

what of the basal ganglia are damaged in parkinsons?

  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • substantia nigra
  • subthalamic nuclei
A

what of the basal ganglia are damaged in parkinsons?

  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • *- substantia nigra**
  • subthalamic nuclei
28
Q

what is muscle tone due to? [1]

what is muscle tone dependent on? [1]

which structure detects tension in the tendon? [1]

A

muscle tone: due to a partial state of contraction in some fibres [1]. maintained reflexievly and adjuststed to the needs and posture of movement

dependent on: integrity of monosynaptic reflex.

detected by: golgi tendon organs: inhibition of alpha motor neurons causes muscle relaxation relieving tension in the muscle.

29
Q

which group of muscles are important for maintaing postural stance? [1]

what is special about them compared to other muscles? [2]

A

which group of muscles are important for maintaing postural stance? [1]
antigravity muscles

what is special about them compared to other muscles? [2]
**more developed [1] and have greater tone [1]

REQUIRES INPUT FROM HIGHER LEVELS OF THE NS**

30
Q

what is different between upper and lower motor neuron lesions? [3]

A

UMN Lesions:

  • paralysis affects movement rather than muscles
  • muscle wasting is only from disuse
  • spatsticity of clasp-knife type. muscles hypertonic

LMN Lesions

  • individual muscle or group of muscles are affected
  • wasting pronounced
  • flaccidity. muscles hypotonic
31
Q

which part of brain causes planning and selecting programmes to produce desired movements? [1]

which part of brain causes sequences of muscle contractions over time to produce smooth accurate movements? [1]

which pat of brain causes the executionn of voluntary movement and any neccessary postural adjustment [1]

**** learn ****

A

which part of brain causes planning and selecting programmes to produce desired movements? [1]
assocociation motor cortex & basal ganglia

which part of brain causes sequences of muscle contractions over time to produce smooth accurate movements? [1]
primary motor cortex and cerebellum

which pat of brain causes the executionn of voluntary movement and any neccessary postural adjustment [1]
brainstem and spinal cord