Opiod Analgesics

Question 1

Opium is derived from plants called

Answer 1

Opium poppy ( papaver seminiferous)

Question 2

What is an opium

Answer 2

A dried powder mixture of 20 alkaloids that is obtained from the unripe seeds of opium poppy

Question 3

The opium is classified into two groups which are

Answer 3

Phenanthrene
Benzoisoquinoline

Question 4

The phenathrene alkaloids include

Answer 4

Morphine (10%)
Thebaine(0.2%)
Codeine( 0.5%)

Question 5

The phenathrene alkaloids include

Answer 5

Morphine (10%)
Thebaine(0.2%)
Codeine( 0.5%)

Question 6

The benzoisoquinoline include

Answer 6

Papaverine(1%)
Noscapine(6%)

Question 7

The opiods can produce ……… effects in the body

Answer 7

Analgesia
Relief from diarrhoea
Euphoria
Sedation
Cough suppression

Question 8

Classes of synthetic opiods are

Answer 8

Morphinan
Benzomorphan
Phenylpiperidine
Diphenylheptane

Question 9

Opiods that are morphinans include

Answer 9

Levophanol
Butorphanol

Question 10

The benzomorphans are

Answer 10

Pentazocine
Phenazocine

Question 11

The phenylp8peridines are

Answer 11

Fentanyl
Afentanil
Remifentanil
Miperidine
Sufentanil
Diphenoxylate

Question 12

The phenylheptylamines are

Answer 12

Propoxpynes
Methadone

Question 13

The mixed opiods are

Answer 13

Morphinan
Butorphanol

Benzomorphan
Pentazocine

Miscellaneous
Tramadol
Tapentadol
Phenanthrene
Nalbuphine
Buprenorphine

Question 14

Which of the opioid receptor is regarded as the one responsible for majority of the side effects associated with opioids

Answer 14

Sigma receptor

Question 15

The sigma receptor is regarded more as a ……….. receptor rather than an opioid

Answer 15

Phenylcyclidine

Question 16

The first tissue where the opioid receptor was first isolated is……..

Answer 16

Vas deferense

Question 17

The first ligand to act on the opioid receptor is ………..

Answer 17

Ketocyclazocine

Question 18

What is Nociceptin

Answer 18

NOP OP4
Non opioid branch of opiod receptor

Site spinal cord and brain
Adverse effect

Depression
Anxiety
Appetite
Development of tolerance to u agonist.

Question 19

All endogenous ligands are similar because

Answer 19

1. They are formed from a large polypeptide precursor
2. They act in small quantity
3. Their activity is antagonised by naloxone
4. They bind with high affinity to the opioid receptor

Question 20

List the endogenous ligand their precursors and receptor they work on

Answer 20

Enkephalin ( leu and met) ; pro-enkephalin DOP

Dynorphin(A and B); pro-dynorphin
KOP

Endomorphin 1 and 2: unknown
B endorphin ; pro-opiomelacortin

MOP

Question 21

The overall effect of opioids include

Answer 21

Reduction in cAMP
Hyperpolarisation of the cell.
Decrease in neurotransmitter release by neural cells

Question 22

What percentage of morphine is excreted unchanged in the liver

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

Patients with Hepatic and renal insufficiency are administered……… doses

Answer 23

Lower doses 1/2 -1/4

Question 24

Morphine reduces peristalsis through stimulation of what receptors

Answer 24

M and and D

Question 25

The route of administration for morphine include

Answer 25

Oral
IM
IV
Intrathecal
Rectal
Nebulized
Transdermal patch

Question 26

Fentanyl has a …… duration of action and ……… potency compared to morphine

Answer 26

Shorter action
Higher potency

Question 27

Fentanyl is better administered through which routes in emergency cases

Answer 27

Trandermal
Subcutaneous