Neuroembryology

Question 1

What are the three germ layers that form an embryo?

Answer 1

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 2

The major portions of the CNS develop from the ____.

Answer 2

ectoderm

Question 3

What germ layer induces/helps the ectoderm organize into a group of cells called the neural plate?

Answer 3

mesoderm (notocord)

Question 4

The ____ becomes structures related to the PNS and Autonomic NS

Answer 4

neural crest

Question 5

The neural tube cells become the ____.

Answer 5

CNS

Question 6

The function of the alar plate is ____.

Answer 6

sensory (part of the neural tube)

Question 7

The function of the basal plate is ___.

Answer 7

motor (part of the neural tube)

Question 8

The dividing line of the segments of the neural tube is the _____.

Answer 8

sulcus limitans

Question 9

What are the primary vesicles?

Answer 9

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

Question 10

What parts of the neural tube are derived from the rhombencephalon during week 5 of development?

Answer 10

Myeloencephalon, metencephalon

Question 11

What parts of the neural tube are derived from the prosencephalon during week 5 of development?

Answer 11

telencephalon, diencephalon

Question 12

What does the telencephalon develop into?

Answer 12

cerebral hemispheres

Question 13

What does the diencephalon develop into?

Answer 13

thalamus

Question 14

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

Answer 14

midbrain

Question 15

What does the metencephalon develop into?

Answer 15

pons, cerebellum

Question 16

What does the myelencephalon develop into?

Answer 16

Medulla

Question 17

What does the rest of the neural tube develop into?

Answer 17

spinal cord

Question 18

The cells of the telencephalon migrate into the shape of a ___ and eventually migrate (inwards/outwards)

Answer 18

C, outwards

Question 19

The telencephalon makes (less/more) cells than it requires.

Answer 19

more (some cells are programmed for apoptosis)

Question 20

(true/false) Most developmental abormalities of the CNS result in full term births.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Most abnormalities related to the CNS occur in the _____ trimester.

Answer 21

first

Question 22

Definition: developmental abnormality that is related to the lack of Oxygen during birth or even infection during pregnancy

Answer 22

Cerebral palsy

Question 23

Definition: Failure to close the CAUDAL neuropore

Answer 23

spina bifida, myelomeningocele, meningolcele

Question 24

What form of spina bifida can sometimes not be identified due to it’s mildness?

Answer 24

spina bifida occulta

Question 25

What form of spina bifida has the herniation of the meninges but can be repaired?

Answer 25

meningocele

Question 26

What form of spina bifida has a defect in multiple arches and leads to bowel/bladder/motor problems?

Answer 26

myelomeningocele

Question 27

Definition: Abnormal development of the cerebellum that is NOT related to neuropore closing. S/S: headaches, balance and vision issues

Answer 27

chiari malformation

Question 28

Chari malformation is most commonly found in (children/teens/adults)

Answer 28

Teens

Question 29

Definition: abnormality that involves the extension of both cerebellar and brain stem tissue into the foramen magnum *caused by neural tube not closing*

Answer 29

arnold chiari malformation

Question 30

Arnold Chiari Malformations are normally accompanied by ___.

Answer 30

myelomeningoceles

Question 31

definition: infant who is born with a flat head due to the failure of closing the ROSTURAL end of the neural tube

Answer 31

anencephaly

Question 32

definition: infant who has a small head

Answer 32

microcephaly

Question 33

What are the causes for multiple CNS abnormalities?

Answer 33

Alcohol, ETOH, cocaine, genetics, infectious diseases

Question 34

For prevention of developmental abnormalities, it is recommended that ____ is added to the diet of the mother.

Answer 34

folate