Hyperkinesia syndromes and movements Flashcards
(true/false) A person can have a tremor with movement and/or at rest.
true
(true/false) Tremors affect a specific population
false
Essential tremors are (asymmetrical/symmetrical) in the arms and head
asymmetrical
When do essential tremors occur?
During movement
Who is likely going to produce tics/torette’s syndrome?
males
Tics/Torette Syndrome (does/does not) have a genetic component.
does
Tics/Torette’s syndrome is often associated with __ and ___.
OCD and ADHD
How do you treat tics/torette’s syndrome?
With dopamine antagonists
What are the s/s of restless leg syndrome (RLS)?
- cramping
- tingling
- crawling
- electric sensation
(true/false) RLS does not have a genetic component
false
definition: uncontrolled, involuntary, generally sustained muscle contraction
dystonia
definition: dystonia that affects only one muscle/muscle group and can be caused due to repetitive movements
focal dystonia
definition: dystonia that is localized to joints (can affect several joints) and is continuous
segmental dystonia
definition: dystonia that involves the whole body
general dystonia
What causes secondary dystonia?
- brain damage
- medication
- toxins
- MS
- PD
What causes primary dystonia?
genetics
Dystonia occurs due to a decrease in ____ output.
decreased GABA output from the GP to the thalamus
Dystonia causes a change in the ___ cortex.
somatosensory cortex
What age group is dystonia normally found in?
middle age
What are the treatments for dystonia?
- botox
- anticholinergics/baclofen
- surgery
Dystonia is worse with (early/late) onset
early onset
(true/false) focal dystonia will progress to segmental and general dystonia over time.
true
__% of those with dystonia will go into remission
30%
The primary motor cortex makes up ___% of the corticospinal tract.
30%
Where in the brainstem does the primary motor cortex axons branch off?
- red nucleus
- pons
- reticular formation
- corticobulbar (involved in speech and swallowing)
The primary motor cortex mostly makes ___ connections to spinal MN.
monosynaptic
What are the functions of the primary motor cortex?
- distal control
- complex patterns
What area of the brain is the primary motor cortex found in?
area 4, M1
What area of the brain is the pre-motor cortex found in?
Area 6
The pre-motor cortex receives input from the __ and ___.
frontal and parietal lobes
What part of the brain contains mirror neurons?
pre-motor cortex
What are the functions of the pre-motor cortex?
- movements related to external cues
- intention to perform a movement
What are the functions of the SMA?
- bilateral movements
- internally generated movements
What area of the brain is the SMA found in?
area 6
What area of the cortex is most affected by PD?
SMA
