Hyperkinesia syndromes and movements

Question 1

(true/false) A person can have a tremor with movement and/or at rest.

Answer 1

true

Question 2

(true/false) Tremors affect a specific population

Answer 2

false

Question 3

Essential tremors are (asymmetrical/symmetrical) in the arms and head

Answer 3

asymmetrical

Question 4

When do essential tremors occur?

Answer 4

During movement

Question 5

Who is likely going to produce tics/torette’s syndrome?

Answer 5

males

Question 6

Tics/Torette Syndrome (does/does not) have a genetic component.

Answer 6

does

Question 7

Tics/Torette’s syndrome is often associated with __ and ___.

Answer 7

OCD and ADHD

Question 8

How do you treat tics/torette’s syndrome?

Answer 8

With dopamine antagonists

Question 9

What are the s/s of restless leg syndrome (RLS)?

Answer 9

• cramping
• tingling
• crawling
• electric sensation

Question 10

(true/false) RLS does not have a genetic component

Answer 10

false

Question 11

definition: uncontrolled, involuntary, generally sustained muscle contraction

Answer 11

dystonia

Question 12

definition: dystonia that affects only one muscle/muscle group and can be caused due to repetitive movements

Answer 12

focal dystonia

Question 13

definition: dystonia that is localized to joints (can affect several joints) and is continuous

Answer 13

segmental dystonia

Question 14

definition: dystonia that involves the whole body

Answer 14

general dystonia

Question 15

What causes secondary dystonia?

Answer 15

• brain damage
• medication
• toxins
• MS
• PD

Question 16

What causes primary dystonia?

Answer 16

genetics

Question 17

Dystonia occurs due to a decrease in ____ output.

Answer 17

decreased GABA output from the GP to the thalamus

Question 18

Dystonia causes a change in the ___ cortex.

Answer 18

somatosensory cortex

Question 19

What age group is dystonia normally found in?

Answer 19

middle age

Question 20

What are the treatments for dystonia?

Answer 20

• botox
• anticholinergics/baclofen
• surgery

Question 21

Dystonia is worse with (early/late) onset

Answer 21

early onset

Question 22

(true/false) focal dystonia will progress to segmental and general dystonia over time.

Answer 22

true

Question 23

__% of those with dystonia will go into remission

Answer 23

30%

Question 24

The primary motor cortex makes up ___% of the corticospinal tract.

Answer 24

30%

Question 25

Where in the brainstem does the primary motor cortex axons branch off?

Answer 25

• red nucleus
• pons
• reticular formation
• corticobulbar (involved in speech and swallowing)

Question 26

The primary motor cortex mostly makes ___ connections to spinal MN.

Answer 26

monosynaptic

Question 27

What are the functions of the primary motor cortex?

Answer 27

• distal control
• complex patterns

Question 28

What area of the brain is the primary motor cortex found in?

Answer 28

area 4, M1

Question 29

What area of the brain is the pre-motor cortex found in?

Answer 29

Area 6

Question 30

The pre-motor cortex receives input from the __ and ___.

Answer 30

frontal and parietal lobes

Question 31

What part of the brain contains mirror neurons?

Answer 31

pre-motor cortex

Question 32

What are the functions of the pre-motor cortex?

Answer 32

• movements related to external cues
• intention to perform a movement

Question 33

What are the functions of the SMA?

Answer 33

• bilateral movements
• internally generated movements

Question 34

What area of the brain is the SMA found in?

Answer 34

area 6

Question 35

What area of the cortex is most affected by PD?

Answer 35

SMA