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Neuro > Eye Movements and Vestibular Disorders > Flashcards

Eye Movements and Vestibular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: rapid eye movements to direct the eyes to the target

A

saccades

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2
Q

definition: eye movements following a moving object

A

smooth pursuit

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3
Q

definition: eyes directed to near or far targets

A

vergence

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4
Q

What are the conjugate eye movements?

A

saccades and smooth pursuit

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5
Q

What are non-conjugate eye movements

A

vergence

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6
Q

Saccades can be ___ or ___ guided

A

voluntary or memory

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7
Q

(true/false) Saccades can have a slow component

A

true

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8
Q

How do you label a saccade?

A

By the direction it is moving into

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9
Q

The eyes can move up to ___ degrees/second when saccades is present

A

700

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10
Q

What initiates saccades?

A
  • Frontal eye fields of the frontal lobe
  • superior colliculus
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11
Q

definition: structure that gets the eye to a target

A

PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation)

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12
Q

What provides voluntary and memory guidance for saccades?

A

frontal eye fields

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13
Q

What structure has neurons that help with reflexive movements?

A

superior colliculus

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14
Q

Having a R Saccade results in the ______ muscle of the ipsilateral eye to move and the _____ muscle of the contralateral eye to move.

A

ipsilateral side: lateral rectus muscle (abducens n.)
contralateral side: medial rectus muscle (oculomotor n)

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15
Q

What initiates smooth pursuit?

A

parietal and frontal cortex

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16
Q

Smooth pursuit is made up of (slow/fast) eye movements.

A

slow (30-100 degrees/sec)

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17
Q

Vergence involves the BILATERAL activation of the ____ or ____ muscles.

A

medial rectus or lateral rectus

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18
Q

With vergence, the eyes are moving in the (same/opposite) directions.

A

opposite

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19
Q

What initiates Vestibular Ocular Reflexes (VOR)?

A

semicircular canals w/ head movement

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20
Q

With VOR, the head and eyes move the (same/different) amount.

A

same

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21
Q

VOR has a ___ reflex.

A

plastic reflex

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22
Q

definition: slow eye movement in the direction of a moving object and a rapid return of eye position in the opposite direction.

A

optokinetic nystagmus

23
Q

The type of nystagmus is determined by the (slow/fast) component

A

fast

24
Q

What are the causes of optokinetic nystagmus?

A
  • brainstem infarcts
  • INO
  • vestibular issues
  • TBI
  • cerebellar damage
  • MS
  • DM
  • disruption of the MLF pathway
25
Q

What are the s/s of optokinetic nystagmus?

A
  • diplopia
  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • vomiting
26
Q

Semicircular canals detect the ___ motion of the head.

A

angular motion

27
Q

Otoliths (utricle/saccule) detect the ____ motion of the head.

A

linear motion

28
Q

definition: sensory organ for the semicircular canals

A

ampulla

29
Q

The ampulla contains a ____.

A

cupula

30
Q

definition: crystals that move the gelatinous substance and the hair cells in the ampulla

A

otoconia

31
Q

Otoconia move with ___.

A

gravity

32
Q

When bending to the R, the ipsilateral semicircular canal (increases/decreases) its firing rate while the contralateral semicircular canal (increases/decreases) its firing rate.

A

increases, decreases

33
Q

What are common s/s of vestibular disorders?

A
  • vertigo
  • nystagmus
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • hearing loss
34
Q

definition: the illusion of movement (can be described as “spinning”)

A

vertigo

35
Q

definition: rhythmic oscillation of the eyes

A

nystagmus

36
Q

Definition: the sudden sensation that you’re spinning or that the inside of your head is spinning

A

BPPV

37
Q

What is the most common cause of vertigo?

A

BPPV

38
Q

The incidence of getting BPPV increase when a person is in what age range?

A

> 50 y/o

39
Q

What are the s/s of BPPV?

A
  • dizziness
  • (+) dix-hallpike maneuver
  • Disrupted VOR
40
Q

What indicates a (+) test for the dix-hallpike maneuver?

A
  • paroxysmal vertigo
  • nystagmus
41
Q

Vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis has a ____ etiology.

A

viral

42
Q

definition: acute onset of rotational vertigo

A

vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis (can look like BPPV)

43
Q

(true/false) Vestibular neuritis never goes away

A

False

44
Q

definition: the vestibular system is not properly functioning

A

vestibular hypofunction

45
Q

Vestibular hypofunction is (unilateral/bilateral)

A

unilateral

46
Q

What are the s/s of vestibular hypofunction?

A
  • dizziness/vertigo
  • balance difficulties
  • difficulty walk in the dark and/or crowded areas
47
Q

Meniere’s disease is associated with ___.

A

BPPV

48
Q

What are the s/s of meniere’s disease AND acoustic neuromas?

A
  • tinnitus (unilateral ringing in the ear)
  • hearing loss
  • episodes of vertigo
49
Q

An acoustic neuroma is a BENIGN tumor of _____.

A

CN VIII (RARE)

50
Q

What types of medications are used to treat meniere’s disease?

A
  • anticholinergics
  • antibiotics
  • diuretics
  • surgery
51
Q

Tumors in the ___ and ___ can cause vestibular disorders.

A

brain and cerebellum

52
Q

What are diseases/conditions that cause problems with equilibrium?

A
  • MS
  • Seizure medications
  • alcohol abuse
  • cortical lesions
53
Q

What are the three medication groups used to treat vertigo?

A
  • anticholinergics
  • antihistamines
  • benzodiazepines

Neuro (45 decks)

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