Basal Ganglia Flashcards
Most of the basal ganglia is in the ___.
Telencephalon
What structures contain the basal ganglia?
- midbrain
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
What are the parts of the basal ganglia?
- striatum
- globus pallidus
- subthalamic nucleus
- substantia nigra
What part of the basal ganglia contains the following:
- caudate nucleus
- nucleus accumbens
- putamen
striatum
What makes up the lenticular nucleus?
putamen and globus pallidus
What part of the basal ganglia contains the following:
- GPi (internal segment)
- GPe (external segment)
globus pallidus
What part of the basal ganglia contains the following:
- SNc (compact part)
- SNr (reticular part)
Substantia nigra
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
- initiation of movement and automatic movement
- cognitive functioning
- emotions
- saccades
- integrates sensory and motor processing
How is the basal ganglia connected?
Motor loops and non-motor loops between the cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus
A direct pathway has a ____ motor effect.
positive motor effect
What is the direct pathway?
- striatum
- GPi
- thalamus
A indirect pathway has a ___ motor effect.
negative motor effect
What is the indirect pathway?
- striatum
- GPe
- subthalamus
- GPi
- thalamus
What are the lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tracts responsible for?
LMNs to mm for voluntary movements
What is the reticulospinal tract responsible for?
- LMNs to postural and girdle muscles
- Walking
What are the hallmark s/s of PD?
- tremor
- bradykinesia/hypokinesia
- rigidity
- postural instability
- gait dysfunction
definition: slow movement
bradykinesia
definition: no movement
akinesia
definition: resistance to movement on both sides of a joint that is NOT velocity dependent
rigidity
What are the components of an abnormal gait pattern in a person with PD?
- decreased arm swing
- shuffling
- turning en bloc
- Festinating: sped up walk and then instant slow walk
- freezing
A person with PD has (hypotension/hypertension)
hypotension
definition: tiny handwriting
micrographia
What is affected the most by PD… supplementary motor area or primary motor cortex?
supplementary motor area
The supplementary motor area is involved with (internally/externally) driven movements
internally
(true/false) patients with PD fall more than any other neurological condition
true
What are the pyramidal signs of the basal ganglia with PD?
- paresis
- spasticity
What are the extrapyramidal signs of the basal ganglia with PD?
- immobility w/o weakness
- rigidity
What is the most common medication used to regulate PD?
levodopa (L-dopa)
definition: the pt presents with a vertical gaze and is unable to move their eyes up and down
progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
(true/false) PSP responds to L-dopa
false
