Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Most of the basal ganglia is in the ___.

Answer 1

Telencephalon

Question 2

What structures contain the basal ganglia?

Answer 2

• midbrain
• telencephalon
• diencephalon

Question 3

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

Answer 3

• striatum
• globus pallidus
• subthalamic nucleus
• substantia nigra

Question 4

What part of the basal ganglia contains the following:
- caudate nucleus
- nucleus accumbens
- putamen

Answer 4

striatum

Question 5

What makes up the lenticular nucleus?

Answer 5

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 6

What part of the basal ganglia contains the following:
- GPi (internal segment)
- GPe (external segment)

Answer 6

globus pallidus

Question 7

What part of the basal ganglia contains the following:
- SNc (compact part)
- SNr (reticular part)

Answer 7

Substantia nigra

Question 8

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 8

• initiation of movement and automatic movement
• cognitive functioning
• emotions
• saccades
• integrates sensory and motor processing

Question 9

How is the basal ganglia connected?

Answer 9

Motor loops and non-motor loops between the cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus

Question 10

A direct pathway has a ____ motor effect.

Answer 10

positive motor effect

Question 11

What is the direct pathway?

Answer 11

1. striatum
2. GPi
3. thalamus

Question 12

A indirect pathway has a ___ motor effect.

Answer 12

negative motor effect

Question 13

What is the indirect pathway?

Answer 13

1. striatum
2. GPe
3. subthalamus
4. GPi
5. thalamus

Question 14

What are the lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tracts responsible for?

Answer 14

LMNs to mm for voluntary movements

Question 15

What is the reticulospinal tract responsible for?

Answer 15

• LMNs to postural and girdle muscles
• Walking

Question 16

What are the hallmark s/s of PD?

Answer 16

• tremor
• bradykinesia/hypokinesia
• rigidity
• postural instability
• gait dysfunction

Question 17

definition: slow movement

Answer 17

bradykinesia

Question 18

definition: no movement

Answer 18

akinesia

Question 19

definition: resistance to movement on both sides of a joint that is NOT velocity dependent

Answer 19

rigidity

Question 20

What are the components of an abnormal gait pattern in a person with PD?

Answer 20

• decreased arm swing
• shuffling
• turning en bloc
• Festinating: sped up walk and then instant slow walk
• freezing

Question 21

A person with PD has (hypotension/hypertension)

Answer 21

hypotension

Question 22

definition: tiny handwriting

Answer 22

micrographia

Question 23

What is affected the most by PD… supplementary motor area or primary motor cortex?

Answer 23

supplementary motor area

Question 24

The supplementary motor area is involved with (internally/externally) driven movements

Answer 24

internally

Question 25

(true/false) patients with PD fall more than any other neurological condition

Answer 25

true

Question 26

What are the pyramidal signs of the basal ganglia with PD?

Answer 26

• paresis
• spasticity

Question 27

What are the extrapyramidal signs of the basal ganglia with PD?

Answer 27

• immobility w/o weakness
• rigidity

Question 28

What is the most common medication used to regulate PD?

Answer 28

levodopa (L-dopa)

Question 29

definition: the pt presents with a vertical gaze and is unable to move their eyes up and down

Answer 29

progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Question 30

(true/false) PSP responds to L-dopa

Answer 30

false