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MS Flashcards

1
Q

What is MS?

A

Progressive, autoimmune, demyelination of the CNS (brain, spinal cord, CN I and CN II)

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of non-traumatic disability beginning in young adults?

A

MS

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3
Q

MS is more common in (males/females)

A

females 20-40 y/o

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4
Q

(true/false) MS is more prevalent in those who live close to the equator for at least 15 years.

A

FALSE (less prevalent)

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5
Q

Women who took a ____ supplement (mostly from a multivitamin) reduced their risk of MS by 40% compared to those that didn’t take supplements

A

vitamin D supplement

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6
Q

What are s/s of MS?

A
  • N/T
  • B/B dysfunction
  • pain
  • decreased balance
  • fatigue
  • decreased cognition
  • heat sensitivity
  • visual dysfunction
  • weakness
  • sexual dysfunction
  • spasticity
  • ambulatory dysfunction
  • depression
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7
Q

What is the most common and most disabling symptom of those with MS?

A

Fatigue

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8
Q

What is often one of the first impairments for those with MS?

A

Visual dysfunction (optic neuritis) causing blurriness, decreased vision, and/or diplopia

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9
Q

(true/false) Nystagmus is permanent in those with MS.

A

FALSE (temporary)

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10
Q

What test was once used to help diagnose MS through testing heat sensitivity?

A

bath tub test

–> Hyperthermia creates a (usually) temporary worsening of clinical signs present in an estimated 60% to 80% of those with MS.

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11
Q

(true/false) sexual dysfunction has a much larger detrimental impact on the mental health aspects of HrQoL than severity of physical disability.

A

true

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12
Q

Those with MS are at increased risk for ______ Neuralgia which is a stabbing type of pain on the side of the face.

A

trigeminal neuralgia

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13
Q

What is a sign that can be observed in some with MS when the neck is flexed and an electrical shock is passed down through the posterior column?

A

Lhermitte’s sign

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14
Q

(true/false) most MS patients with depression have medication for management of symptoms.

A

FALSE

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15
Q

(true/false) Brain volume correlates better with cognitive performance than lesion volume.

A

true

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16
Q

definition: appearance of a new lesion on a second scan, regardless of the timing in relation to the initial scan OR simultaneous presence of asymptomatic gadolinium enhancing and non-enhancing lesions on a single scan

A

Dissemination in time

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17
Q

definition: at least two T2 lesions present

A

dissemination in space

18
Q

What are the 4 classifications of MS?

A
  • clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)
  • relapsing-remitting (RRMS)
  • Primary progressive (PPMS)
  • Secondary progressive (SPMS)
19
Q

definition: the FIRST episode of neuro symptoms caused by inflammation and demyelination in the CNS. The episode must last for 24 hrs for further testing to determine presence of MS.

A

clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)

–> If those with CIS have a brain lesion as evidenced by MRI, they have a 60-80% risk for a future diagnosis of MS.

20
Q

Approximately 80% of those with MS are initially diagnosed with ______ MS yet most eventually convert to secondary progressive.

A

Relapsing remitting MS

21
Q

definition: MS that is characterized by a slow progressive course with possible plateaus or small changes in rate but overall, a progression.

A

primary progressive MS (PPMS)

22
Q

(true/false) PPMS has early episodes of relapsing and remission

A

FALSE

23
Q

What is the second most common type of MS?

A

Secondary progressive (SPMS)

24
Q

SPMS patients may have lower levels of inflammatory lesion formation than RRMS that is thought to be due to what possibility?

A

axonal loss.

25
Q

(true/false) those with SPMS typically started as relapsing-remitting.

A

true

26
Q

What scan can depict areas of permanent damage or “black holes?

A

T1 scan

–> There is a significant correlation between baseline disability and hypointense lesion load

27
Q

A T1 scan with _____ contrast dye depicts new lesions representing active inflammation (past 6-8 wks).

A

gladiolum

28
Q

What scan depicts the total amount of chronic lesion area?

A

T2 scan/T2 FLAIR

29
Q

What diagnostic tool has variable sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of MS and there continues to be a discord between lesion location and clinical presentation?

A

MRI

30
Q

What criteria do you need for Dx of MS?

A
  1. Dissemination in time
  2. Dissemination in space
  3. Other causes of s/s must be ruled out
  4. Attacks/relapses/exacerbations must last 24 hours without fever and/or infection
31
Q

(true/false) Dx of MS CAN be used through only clinical findings

A

true

32
Q

Exacerbation treatment focuses on decreasing the duration & intensity of the attack as well as promoting recovery via _________ medications.

A

anti-inflammatory meds

33
Q

The National MS Society and the American Academy of Neurology endorse the use of steroids for (acute/chronic) treatment of MS

A

acute treatment

34
Q

What are treatment options for chronic phase MS?

A
  • vitamin D
  • DMA (disease modifying agents)
  • symptom management
35
Q

(true/false) Recent research states that vitamin D may be favorable for preventing the progression of MS

A

true

36
Q

Why are disease modifying agents not for everyone?

A

They reduce the frequency and/or severity of clinical attacks as well as delay conversion to MS for those with CIS.

37
Q

What medications can help with optic neuritis by combating diplopia?

A

steroids

38
Q

What medication is neurologic pain often treated with when MS is present?

A

Neurontin

39
Q

What medication is acute neurologic pain often treated with when MS is present?

A

Carbamazepine

40
Q

What medications can assist with decreasing spasticity?

A

baclofen, zanaflex, and dantrolene

41
Q

What medications can improve fatigue in those with MS?

A

stimulants
anti-depressants

Neuro (45 decks)

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