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KINE2031: Human Anatomy > Nervous System Part 1 - Overview and Nervous Cells > Flashcards

Nervous System Part 1 - Overview and Nervous Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory: detect changes in environment (internal or external)
  • integration: processing and decision making (takes sensory information, decides what to do, and tell the motor to do it)
  • motor: telling the body what to do in response
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2
Q

what are the two structural organizations of the nervous system?

A
  1. central nervous system
  2. peripheral nervous system
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3
Q

what is the CNS composed of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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4
Q

what does the spinal cord run through?

A

the vertebral canal of the vertebral bones

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5
Q

what does the PNS include?

A

all aspect of the nervous system that are not the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

where is our integration centre?

A

the CNS
- (our brain and spinal cord)

  • decision making system
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7
Q

what works together to bring sensory information in, make decisions and then send motor signals to the body

A

the CNS and the PNS

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8
Q

what is the biggest component of the PNS?

A

the nerves

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9
Q

what are the two types of nerves we have in our PNS?

A
  1. cranial nerves which originate in the brain
  2. spinal nerves which originate on the spinal cord
  • both have many many branches that go all throughout the body
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10
Q

which types of nerves does the cranial and spinal nerves include through the body?

A

cranial and spinal nerves will include sensory and motor nerves all throughout the body

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11
Q

what is another word for afferent?

A

sensory

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12
Q

what is another word for efferent?

A

motor
- remember by: motor signals are Exiting the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

what are the components of the PNS?

A
  1. cranial nerves
  2. spinal nerves
  3. ganglia - little ball looking things
  4. enteric plexuses in small intestine
  5. sensory receptors in skin
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14
Q

what is a ganglia?

A

a place where a nerve in the PNS is going to meet up with another nerve and pass the signal between the two of them

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15
Q

where do we have sensory receptors?

A

all over the body!
- skin
- organs
- muscles

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16
Q

where are all of the internal and external environmental changes be originally detected?

A

in the sensory receptors

  • which are then connected to a sensory nerve which will bring the information to the CNS
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17
Q

what is often called the brain of the gut?

A

the enteric nervous system
- the enteric plexuses in small intestine

  • this is because it has its own tiny nervous system separated from the others
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18
Q

what does somatic mean?

A

of the body

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19
Q

which side of the nervous system is our voluntary/conscious aspect?

A

the somatic nervous system (SNS)

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20
Q

which side of the nervous system will sense and control aspects of body functioning that are involuntary and subconscious?

A

the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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21
Q

what is an effectors?

A

the place in the body where we will cause a change

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22
Q

what are our somatic sensory?

A

sensory receptors and nerves that detect things like touch, pain and pressure
(conscious)

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23
Q

what is the somatic motor aspect of the SNS

A

the somatic sensory sends the message to the CNS, and then we get the motor response
- the voluntary control of skeletal muscle
ESSENTIALLY:
- motor signals that are voluntary and that you would notice on a conscious level

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24
Q

what is the visceral sensory aspect of the ANS?

A

where we detect changing in things that are on a subconscious level
- ex. change in blood glucose level or blood pressure

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25
Q

what is on the response side of the visceral sensory receptors?

A

an autonomic motor response
- all involuntary

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26
Q

what can we subdivide the autonomic motor system into?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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27
Q

do the sympathetic and parasympathetic aspect of the ANS work mostly with each other or opposite to each other?

A

opposite

28
Q

what are the effectors of the motor side of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
29
Q

what is the enteric nervous system (ENS) involved in?

A

sensory signaling in the gastrointestinal tract

30
Q

what are the effectors of the ENS?

A

smooth muscle, glands and endocrine cells of the GI tract
- things involves in digestion

31
Q

what do endocrine cells produce?

A

hormones

32
Q

what is the sensory aspect of the GI tract going to do?

A

sense changes in the GI tract such as pressure, chemical level and nutrient levels

33
Q

can the ENS function on its own?

A

yes, it can make decisions without sending information all the way back to the CNS

34
Q

what can override the decisions that the enteric nervous system is making?

A

the motor aspect of the autonomic nervous system
ex. if you eat a lot of food, the enteric releases a lot of chemicals to digest the food, the enteric signals tell the enteric motor signals to digest, the motor signals tell the effectors but then you run from a tiger, all the blood instead is going to the muscles to run away first, then goes to digest the food
- why you shouldn’t swim after eating

35
Q

what is the main function cell of the nervous system?

A

the neuron

36
Q

what does a neuron do?

A

sends nervous signals (electrical signals) to other neurons, effectors and/or back to the brain or spinal cord
- they are our signal transmitting cells and they are the core the the nervous system

37
Q

what are the three components of a neuron?

A
  1. the cell body which contains all the typical organelles
  2. dendrites (extensions of the cytoplasm from the cell body)
  3. the axon
38
Q

what are dendrites responsible for?

A

helping to direct electrical nervous signals in towards the cell body

39
Q

what are axons responsible for?

A

carrying signals away from the cell body to the axon terminals to go to another neuron or an effector

40
Q

are axons cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body?

A

yes

41
Q

do all axons have myelin sheath?

A

no

42
Q

what is a myelin sheath?

A

a fatty tissue that is wrapped around the axon
- speeds up how fast an electrical signal can move - allows the signal to hop

43
Q

what helps the neurons function at their absolute best?

A

the non-nervous cells of the nervous system
- helper cells

44
Q

what is another name for non-nervous cells?

A

the glial cells

45
Q

what is an astrocyte?

A
  • its a type of glial cell in the CNS
  • a fairly large glial cell
  • most are positioned between a blood capillary and a neuron
46
Q

what is the function of an astrocyte?

A

to regulate which substances can come into contact with the neuron
- makes sure that nothing bad from the blood capillary can get into the neuron and that all the waste products get out into the blood

  • also acts as a glue to hold things together
47
Q

what is an oligodendrocyte?

A

a type of glial cell in the CNS
- kind of bulbous (smooth ball structure)
- have cytoplasmic extensions that shoot out

48
Q

what is the function of an oligodendrocyte?

A

to create myelin sheath

49
Q

what colour is myelin sheath?

A

very light, appear white (the white matter in the brain)

50
Q

what is a microglial cell?

A

a type of glial cell in the CNS
- a smaller cell that is not as numerous as some of the other cells in the CNS

51
Q

what is the function of the microglial cells?

A

to destroy viruses and bacteria that are in the CNS

52
Q

what are the ependymal cells?

A

a type of glial cell in the CNS
- cuboidal epithelial cells
- line specific cavities in the brain and spinal cord (where there are open cavities)
- have cilia on them; on the luminal surface (facing into the open space)
ex. found in ventricles

53
Q

what is the function of the ependymal cells?

A

to line specific cavities in the brain and spinal cord (where there are open cavities)

54
Q

how come we have fewer glial cells in the PNS?

A

because the PNS is out in the body. it does not have the same internal protective system that the CNS has

55
Q

why doesn’t the PNS needs microglial cells?

A

because the PNS has all of the other immune system cells to protect from viruses and bacteria

56
Q

what are the two types of glial cells that we find in the PNS?

A
  1. satellite cells
  2. schwann cells
57
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

a type of glial cell in the PNS
- kind of flat, squash down cells
- surrounding a cell body of a PNS cell within a ganglion

58
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

where one neuron is passing a signal to another neuron

59
Q

what will be within a ganglion?

A

satellite cells covering the cell bodies

60
Q

what is the function of a satellite cells?

A

to regulate nutrient and waste movement between the neuron and the external environment

  • similar to astrocyte of the CNS
61
Q

what is a schwann cell?

A
  • a type of glial cell in the PNS
  • similar to the oligodendrocyte of the CNS
  • flat cells that wrap around the axons of the PNS to form the myelin sheath
62
Q

what is the function of a schwann cell?

A

wrap around the axons of the PNS to form the myelin sheath

  • similar to the oligodendrocyte cells
63
Q

what is multiple sclerosis?

A

an autoimmune disease where the immune cells of your body attack the myelin sheaths surrounding nervous system cells (surrounding axons)
- a progressive loss of body function starting with muscle weakness all the way to potentially complete breakdown of CNS function (signals cannot travel fast enough without function myelin sheaths)

64
Q

what does the name multiple sclerosis come from?

A

multiple - happens in multiple areas around the body and on multiple neurons
sclerosis - the myelin sheaths deteriorate to form a sclerosis (a hardened plaque, instead of the squashy fatty material that it is supposed to be)

65
Q

when does multiple sclerosis first appear?

A

between the ages of 20 and 40 years
- females are affected twice as often as males

66
Q

are there drugs that can cure multiple sclerosis?

A

no, only several drug treatments that can slow the progression of multiple sclerosis

67
Q
A

KINE2031: Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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