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KINE2031: Human Anatomy > Module 1: Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Module 1: Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

Study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

Study of the function of the body

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3
Q

What are the three main groups of anatomy?

A

Developmental, gross, microscopic

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4
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

Changes throughout lifespan

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5
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Too small to be seen

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6
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Visible to the naked eye.

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7
Q

what are the three approaches of gross anatomy? which approach will we be learning in this course?

A

regional, systemic and surface. we will use a systemic approach

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8
Q

does function reflect structure?

A

yes

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9
Q

what is the principle of complementarity?

A

what a structure can do depends on its specific form
eg. muscle from anterior arm crossing anterior elbow will flex the elbow

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10
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A

Chemical level —> cellular level —> tissue level —> organ level —> organ system level —> organismal level

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11
Q

What is the chemical level of structural organization?

A

Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules form together to make a cell.

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12
Q

What is the chemical level of structural organization?

A

Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules form together to make a cell.

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13
Q

What is the SMALLEST LIVING thing?

A

a cell. Anything smaller, like an atom or molecule, is NOT LIVING

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14
Q

Can a cell do anything a living human can do?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What is the tissue level of structural organization?

A

A tissue is a bunch of cells together. In each tissue, the cells have a common function.

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16
Q

Are organs made up of different types of tissues?

A

Yes, usually 3 or 4. Good example is a blood vessel, has smooth muscle tissue in the middle, epithelial tissue on inside, and connective tissue on the outside. Different tissues work together

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17
Q

In the organ system level of structural organization, what does it consist of?

A

Many different organs that work together. Ex, blood vessels works with heart in the cardiovascular system (the organ system) to pump blood in the body

18
Q

In the organismal level of structural organization, what does it consist of?

A

Many organ systems

19
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Cranium, vertebrae, ribs
- head, neck, and trunk

20
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Arms, shoulder, legs and pelvis
- upper and lower limbs

21
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The standard position to describe all the anatomical structures in the body. Needed to describe deviated positions.
- erect position
- palms, feet, eyes face forward (make sure thumbs are outward)
- arms at side
- feet shoulder width apart facing forward

22
Q

What is the median, or mid-sagittal plane?

A

Divides from left to right equally

23
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Any slice other than median or mid-sagittal plane that will divide body from left and right. Not equal

24
Q

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

A

Divides the body from front and back equally

25
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Divides body from top to bottom parts

26
Q

What does superior/cranial vs inferior/caudal mean?

A

Superior- closer to top
Inferior- closer to bottom

27
Q

What is anterior/ventral vs posterior/dorsal?

A

Anterior- closer to front
Posterior- closer to back

28
Q

What is medial vs lateral?

A

Medial- closer to the midline of the body
Lateral- farther from the midline of the body

(Midline being seperating from left and right)

29
Q

Proximal vs distal? (Used to describe locations of limbs)

A

Proximal- closer to midline of body ex. Knee is proximal to ankle
Distal- farther from midline of body ex. Elbow is distal to shoulder

30
Q

Proximal vs distal? (Used to describe systems or structures)

A

Proximal - start of structure or extremity
Distal - end of structure or extremity

Ex, digestive system. Mouth is most proximal and anus is most distal

31
Q

Superficial vs deep?

A

Superficial- closer to skin/surface ex. Nose is superficial to brain
Deep- furthest from surface ex. Heart is deep to skin

32
Q

What is a flexion?

A

Often seen as a motion that decreases a joint angle. However, not for every joint.

33
Q

What is extension?

A

Motion that increases a joint angle

34
Q

What does an extension of the hip look like?

A

Keeping leg straight and moving is backwards or forwards

35
Q

What is dorsiflexion vs plantarflexion?

A

Dorsiflexion- 90° or more foot angle. Pull toes towards leg
Plantarflexion- pointed toes. Push toes away from leg

36
Q

Abduction vs adduction of the limbs (shoulder and hip)

A

Abduction- moving away from midline of body
ADDuction- moving towards midline of body (ADD to body)

37
Q

What is lateral flexion for head and trunk?

A

Moving away from the midline of the body. (Stretching neck or trunk)

38
Q

Radial vs ulnar deviation

A

Radial deviation- laterally flexion towards thumb
Ulnar deviation- laterally flexion away from thumb (towards myself in anatomical position)

39
Q

What is the axial twist (rotation)?

A

Twisting of the head or trunk

40
Q

What is internal (medial) vs external (lateral) rotation?

A

Turning limb around limb axis. (Shoulder and hip)
Ex. If arm is at 90° with hand AWAY from the body, moving your hand to be in front of your body will be a medial rotation. Vice verse would be a lateral rotation

Internal/medial- turn IN, toward midline
External/lateral- turn OUT, away from midline

41
Q

Supination vs pronation?

A

Supination- palm up
Pronation- palm down

42
Q

Inversion vs eversion in the foot

A

Inversion- turning soles of feet inward
Eversion- turning soles of feet outward

KINE2031: Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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