Module 1: Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
Define anatomy
Study of the structure of the body
Define physiology
Study of the function of the body
What are the three main groups of anatomy?
Developmental, gross, microscopic
What is developmental anatomy?
Changes throughout lifespan
What is microscopic anatomy?
Too small to be seen
What is gross anatomy?
Visible to the naked eye.
what are the three approaches of gross anatomy? which approach will we be learning in this course?
regional, systemic and surface. we will use a systemic approach
does function reflect structure?
yes
what is the principle of complementarity?
what a structure can do depends on its specific form
eg. muscle from anterior arm crossing anterior elbow will flex the elbow
What are the levels of structural organization?
Chemical level —> cellular level —> tissue level —> organ level —> organ system level —> organismal level
What is the chemical level of structural organization?
Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules form together to make a cell.
What is the chemical level of structural organization?
Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules form together to make a cell.
What is the SMALLEST LIVING thing?
a cell. Anything smaller, like an atom or molecule, is NOT LIVING
Can a cell do anything a living human can do?
Yes
What is the tissue level of structural organization?
A tissue is a bunch of cells together. In each tissue, the cells have a common function.
Are organs made up of different types of tissues?
Yes, usually 3 or 4. Good example is a blood vessel, has smooth muscle tissue in the middle, epithelial tissue on inside, and connective tissue on the outside. Different tissues work together
In the organ system level of structural organization, what does it consist of?
Many different organs that work together. Ex, blood vessels works with heart in the cardiovascular system (the organ system) to pump blood in the body
In the organismal level of structural organization, what does it consist of?
Many organ systems
What is the axial skeleton?
Cranium, vertebrae, ribs
- head, neck, and trunk
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Arms, shoulder, legs and pelvis
- upper and lower limbs
What is the anatomical position?
The standard position to describe all the anatomical structures in the body. Needed to describe deviated positions.
- erect position
- palms, feet, eyes face forward (make sure thumbs are outward)
- arms at side
- feet shoulder width apart facing forward
What is the median, or mid-sagittal plane?
Divides from left to right equally
What is the sagittal plane?
Any slice other than median or mid-sagittal plane that will divide body from left and right. Not equal
What is the frontal/coronal plane?
Divides the body from front and back equally
What is the transverse plane?
Divides body from top to bottom parts
What does superior/cranial vs inferior/caudal mean?
Superior- closer to top
Inferior- closer to bottom
What is anterior/ventral vs posterior/dorsal?
Anterior- closer to front
Posterior- closer to back
What is medial vs lateral?
Medial- closer to the midline of the body
Lateral- farther from the midline of the body
(Midline being seperating from left and right)
Proximal vs distal? (Used to describe locations of limbs)
Proximal- closer to midline of body ex. Knee is proximal to ankle
Distal- farther from midline of body ex. Elbow is distal to shoulder
Proximal vs distal? (Used to describe systems or structures)
Proximal - start of structure or extremity
Distal - end of structure or extremity
Ex, digestive system. Mouth is most proximal and anus is most distal
Superficial vs deep?
Superficial- closer to skin/surface ex. Nose is superficial to brain
Deep- furthest from surface ex. Heart is deep to skin
What is a flexion?
Often seen as a motion that decreases a joint angle. However, not for every joint.
What is extension?
Motion that increases a joint angle
What does an extension of the hip look like?
Keeping leg straight and moving is backwards or forwards
What is dorsiflexion vs plantarflexion?
Dorsiflexion- 90° or more foot angle. Pull toes towards leg
Plantarflexion- pointed toes. Push toes away from leg
Abduction vs adduction of the limbs (shoulder and hip)
Abduction- moving away from midline of body
ADDuction- moving towards midline of body (ADD to body)
What is lateral flexion for head and trunk?
Moving away from the midline of the body. (Stretching neck or trunk)
Radial vs ulnar deviation
Radial deviation- laterally flexion towards thumb
Ulnar deviation- laterally flexion away from thumb (towards myself in anatomical position)
What is the axial twist (rotation)?
Twisting of the head or trunk
What is internal (medial) vs external (lateral) rotation?
Turning limb around limb axis. (Shoulder and hip)
Ex. If arm is at 90° with hand AWAY from the body, moving your hand to be in front of your body will be a medial rotation. Vice verse would be a lateral rotation
Internal/medial- turn IN, toward midline
External/lateral- turn OUT, away from midline
Supination vs pronation?
Supination- palm up
Pronation- palm down
Inversion vs eversion in the foot
Inversion- turning soles of feet inward
Eversion- turning soles of feet outward
