Module 3C: Upper Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
what is included in the appendicular skeleton?
UPPER:
- pectoral/shoulder girdle
- upper limbs
LOWER:
- pelvic girdle
- lower limbs
what is a girdle?
a belt-like structure encircling the body
what is the pectoral/clavicle girdle made up of?
the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)
is there one or two shoulder girdles in our body?
there is a pair of shoulder girdles because there is a left and a right
what does the shoulder girdle do?
attaches the upper limbs to the body and also provides lots of points for attachment of muscles in the area
why is the shoulder girdle not attached posteriorly?
to allow for a lot of movement in the upper limbs
what is the clavicle attached to?
the manubrium and the scapula
when is the clavicle most anterior and when is it most posterior?
most anterior at the midline and most posterior at shoulder
the clavicle looks like an ‘S’ from which view?
inferior
backwards S for superior view
what are the two ends of the clavicle?
- sternal (medial) end; connects to sternum - somewhat quadrangular shaped
- acromial (lateral) end; connects to the acromion on the scapula - relatively flat shaped (she says this but on the picture she shows us, the other side looks more flat so idk)
where is the clavicle most prone to injury?
1/3 from the lateral side, where the bend is
- most weak because of the change in direction
what is the conoid tubercle (on clavicle)?
the attachment point for the coracoclavicular ligament that attaches to the clavicle to the coronoid process of the scapula
- on the inferior lateral end of the clavicle
what is the trapezoid line on a clavicle?
- on the inferior lateral end
- attachment point of the trapezoid ligament which is part of the coracoclavicular ligament
what is the costoclavicular ligament impression?
- on the inferior medial end of a clavicle
- an attachment point of the costoclavicular ligament
where does the scapula articulate with the humerus?
at the glenohumeral joint
where does the scapula articulate with the clavicle?
at the acromioclavicular joint
what joints connect the upper limbs to the trunk?
the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints
what are the 17 parts of the scapula we are going to cover?
- 2 joints
- 3 processes
- 2 angles
- 3 borders
- 3 fossa
- 1 notch
- 1 cavity
- 2 tubercles
what makes up most of the anterior surface of the scapula?
the subscapular fossa
- it will also touch the ribs on your back
what are the two joints of the scapula?
- the acromioclavicular joint
- the glenohumeral joint
what are the 3 processes of the scapula?
- acromion
- coracoid process
- spine (spinous process)
what are the 2 angles of the scapula?
- superior angle
- inferior angle
what are the 3 borders of the scapula?
- lateral (axillary) border
- medial (vertebral) border
- superior border
what are the 3 fossa of the scapula?
- subscapular fossa
- supraspinous fossa
- infraspinous fossa
what is the notch of the scapula?
scapular (super scapular) notch
what is the cavity of the scapula?
glenoid cavity
what are the 2 tubercles of the scapula?
- supraglenoid tubercle
- infraglenoid (below glenoid) tubercle
what is the glenoid cavity?
the cavity in the scapula that is going to have the articulation between the humerus and the scapula
what is the supraglenoid tubercle?
serves as an attachment point for the long head of the bicep brachii muscle
what is the infraglenoid tubercle?
serves as an attachment point for the long head of the tricep of the brachii muscles
what is the supraspinous fossa?
- fossa above the spine
- for muscle attachment
what is the infraspinous fossa?
- fossa below the spine
- for muscle attachment
what is the superior and inferior angles of the scapula?
marks the top and bottom part of scapula
where is the glenoid cavity?
on the scapula
- inferior to the coracoid process of the scapula
where is the acromion of the scapula?
kind of the head part of the spinous process
how many bones are in the upper limb?
30 bones, most are in the wrist and hands
what is the ‘arm’?
the shoulder to the elbow
what is the ‘forearm’?
the elbow to wrist
what is the upperlimb?
all together:
- the arm
- the forearm
- the wrist
- the hand
what bone is your arm?
the humerus
where does the humerus articulate with the scapula?
the head of the humerus attaches to the glenoid cavity
why is the head of the humerus larger than the glenoid cavity (which is where it attaches to the scapula)?
the allow for a large range of motion
what is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
immediately distal to the head of the humerus
- a very short, narrow constriction
- lies between the head and the greater and lesser tubercles
where is the surgical neck of the humerus?
- oriented in the horizonal plane between the expanded proximal part of it and the narrower shaft
- the part immediately distal to all the bumps on the proximal humerus
- tendency to fracture; can be very dangerous because of the nerve and blood vessels that run immediately around this area
what is the greater tuberacle?
a proximal, lateral bump that we can see anteriorly and posteriorly of the humerus
- has three large facets for tendon attachment of rotator cuff muscles
what is the superior facet of the greater tubercle for?
supraspinatus muscle
what is the middle facet of the greater tubercle for?
infraspinatus muscle
what is the lesser tubercle?
only seen proximally, anteriorly on the humerus
- most medial tubercle on the humerus
- serves for muscle attachment (subscapularis muscle)
what is the intertubercular sulcus (groove)?
on the proximal, anterior humerus
- lies between the two tubercles
- also called the bicipital sulcus or the bicipital groove
- separates the greater and less tubercles
- continues inferiorly on the proximal shaft of the humerus
- the long head of the bicep brachii muscle tendon will pass through the sulcus
what is the radial groove?
has the radial nerve and deep brachial artery running in the area
- on the long part of the humerus
what is the deltoid tuberosity?
on the humerus
- a bump about halfway down the shaft of the humerus, on the lateral surface or border
- for insertion of the deltoid muscle
is there a body for the humerus?
yes, its called the shaft
what happens at the distal end of the humerus?
- ulna and radius meet the humerus at the joint here
what is the coronoid fossa on the humerus?
anterior, distal aspect of the humerus
- interacts with the coronoid on the ulna
what is the radial fossa on the humerus?
anterior, distal aspect of the humerus
- interacts with the head of the radius
what is the olecranon fossa on the humerus?
posterior, distal aspect of the humerus
- interacts with the olecranon on the ulna
- a depression in the bone
what is the trochlea on the humerus?
- medial. anterior distal on the humerus
- articulates with the ulna
- a pulley shape that extends onto the posterior surface unlike the capitulum
what is the capitulum on the humerus?
- lateral, anterior, distal on the humerus
- articulates with the radius
- hemispherical in shape
what are the articular points on the chondyle?
the trochlea and the capitulum
what is the medial epicondyle?
medial, distal humerus
- adjacent and superior to the trochlea
- major palpable landmark on the medial side of the elbow
- a large oval impression for attachments of anterior compartment muscles (the common flexor tendon of the forearm)
- ulnar nerve passes around the posterior surface of the condyle, moving from the arm into the forearm
what is the lateral epicondyle?
- large, irregular impression for posterior compartment muscles to attach to (the common extensor tendons of the forearm)
what is the forearm made up of?
two bones
1. radius
2. ulna
which side of your forearm is your radius on?
the thumb side
which side of your forearm is your ulna on?
medial when standing in anatomical position
what forms most of the elbow joint with the humerus?
the ulna
what is the olecranon?
most proximal on the ulna
- large bump on the back of ulna
- fits in the olecranon fossa of the humerus during extension
what is the coronoid process of the ulna??
bump on the front of the ulna
- fits in the coronoid fossa of the humerus during flexion
how does the ulna articulate with the trochlea of the humerus?
via the trochlear notch
- the “C” shape of the olecranon
- allows for hinge movement at the elbow joint (flexion and extension)
what is the radial notch for?
on the ulna, for articulation with the radius
what is the ulnar tuberosity for?
the insertion of the brachialis muscle on the proximal end of the ulna
where is the head of the ulna?
at the distal end
where is the ulnar styloid process?
very medial, distal of the ulna
- we can feel it at our wrist
where is the head of the radius?
at the proximal end
what is the head of the radius for?
it articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
- in a broad, open joint
where is the neck of the radius?
inferior to the head of the radius
what is the radial tuberosity?
a bump on the radius near the proximal end for muscle attachment
- lies more medially
what is the ulnar notch?
on the distal radius, for the articulation with the ulna
what is the radial styloid process?
a raised rough bump on the radius at the distal end on the lateral side
- for muscle attachment
ulna articulates with __________ of humerus.
trochlea
radius head articulates with _________ of humerus.
capitulum
what joints allow for the rotation of forearm?
the ulna-radius joints allow for pronation-supination
what is the proximal radioulnar joint?
- between ulna and radius at proximal end
- loose
- rotates at top so radius can cross over ulna
what is the distal radioulnar joint?
- between ulna and radius at distal end
- head of radius cross over
how many bones does your wrist have?
eight; they are called carpals
how are the carpals named?
starting at the thumb-palm side (radius, anterior)
what is the names of the proximal carpals?
- scaphoid (thumb side)
- lunate
- triquetrum
- pisiform (pinky side; also articulates to the pink)
what is the names of the distal carpals?
- trapezium (thumb side)
- trapezoid
- capitate
- hamate (articulates to 4th metacarpal)
what meets at the wrist joints?
where the radius/ulna meet carpals
what does the metacarpals make up?
the closed part of the hand
the numbering of the metacarpals starts where?
the thumb
(I, II, III, IV, V)
all five metacarpals, per hand, have three parts. what are they? (this is NOT asking about the phalanges)
- base (most proximal)
- shaft (middle)
- head (most distal)
what are our fingers called?
Digits
- three parts of fingers are called phalanges (plural) or phalanx (single)
what does the naming and numbering start with on the phalanges?
the thumb
- call them 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 digits
true or false: all digits have a proximal, middle and distal phalanx.
false. each digit has a proximal and distal phalanx, but only digits 2-5 have a middle phalanx
what would you call, the very very end of your pinky?
the distal phalanx of digit 5 of the hand
