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KINE2031: Human Anatomy > Module 4A: Muscular System Terminology/Tissue/Mechanics > Flashcards

Module 4A: Muscular System Terminology/Tissue/Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what does myo/mys mean?

A

muscle

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2
Q

what is a muscle fiber?

A

a muscle cell (skeletal or smooth)

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3
Q

why are muscle fibers called “fibers”?

A

because they are elongated in appearance

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4
Q

why are cardiac muscle cells just called cardiac muscle cells and not fibers?

A

because they aren’t elongated

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5
Q

what converts chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy (to exert force)?

A

muscle tissue

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6
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. skeletal muscle
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7
Q

where can smooth muscle be found?

A

internal organs (except heart) and blood vessels (unless it is very small)

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8
Q

where can cardiac muscle be found?

A

only the heart
- makes up our heart wall

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9
Q

where can skeletal muscle be found?

A

in muscles

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10
Q

what is smooth muscle?

A
  • have relatively long muscle fibers that you can find in the walls of organs like bladder, intestines, as well as inside our blood vessels
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11
Q

what is skeletal muscle?

A

attaches to bones to move them or to resist the movement of those bones

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12
Q

why does our smooth muscles have sarcomeres?

A

because it needs to contract

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13
Q

what are the two layers of smooth muscle in the intestine?

A
  1. longitudinal layer (outermost layer)
  2. circular layer (under longitudinal layer)
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14
Q

what does the circular layer of smooth muscle in the intestine do when it contracts?

A

will restrict the lumen (extends the lumen when it is relaxed)
- longitudinal layers also help with this

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15
Q

what do the two layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal and circular) in the intenstine appear like?

A
  • elongated
  • have no striations
  • uni-nucleated (one nucleus per cell)
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16
Q

what is smooth muscle controlled by?

A

autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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17
Q

the two smooth muscle layers for the intestine work together, alternating contraction and relaxation to make a wave-like motion. what does this do?

A

this slow wave motion permits time for absorption while still squeezing the material through the organ (called Peristalsis)

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18
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

squeezing material through the organs
- allows us to absorb what we need and just move the rest of the material along

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19
Q

single-unit smooth muscle tissue have more generalized innervation to the cells whereas a multi-unit smooth muscle tissue would have?

A

more specific innervation to the cells

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20
Q

compared to skeletal muscles, the cells of smooth muscle are arranged how?

A

longitudinal (diagonally), and when they contract, the organelles shorten

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21
Q

when smooth muscle is arranged circularly, what happens when it contracts? vs longitudinal contracting?

A

circular: squeezes and constricts the lumen
longitudinal: the organelles shorten

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22
Q

how is smooth muscle organized?

A

diagonally; not striated

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23
Q

typically, single neurons reach more muscle fibers in smooth muscle than skeletal. what does this result in?

A

more cells contracting simultaneously

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24
Q

some smooth muscle cells have no innervation (no nerve supply), how do they contract?

A

from chemicals/hormones

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25
Q

is cardiac muscle elongated and striated?

A

no. it is not elongated but they are striated

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26
Q

what type of control is cardiac muscle under?

A

involuntary
- under autonomic nervous system control

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27
Q

what are the contractions of cardiac muscle controlled by?

A

local electrical and chemical controls of your pace maker
- cardiac muscle fibers display “autorhythmicity”

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28
Q

what is autorhythmicity?

A

the ability to repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials for each beat of our heart

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29
Q

the cardiac muscles are highly interconnected. what does this allow the muscle to do?

A

allows the muscle to contract as one (more so than the other types of muscle)

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30
Q

what does skeletal muscle attach to?

A

bones

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31
Q

which type of muscle moves or resists the movement of bones?

A

skeletal muscle

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32
Q

what is the only type of muscle that is consciously controlled?

A

skeletal muscle

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33
Q

what is skeletal muscle attached to bone through?

A

the tendon

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34
Q

what is surrounding the whole muscle?

A

the epimysium

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35
Q

what is surrounding a fascicle (a bundle of muscle fibers)

A

the perimysium

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36
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle of muscle fibers

37
Q

what surrounds muscle fibers that are make up of myofibrils (the filaments of the muscle)?

A

an endomysium

38
Q

why do we need rich blood supply to skeletal muscle?

A

because when we work we need lots of nutrient and oxygen that blood will bring

39
Q

true or false: only some fibers are supplied with a nerve ending

A

false
- each fiber is supplied with a nerve ending

— we cannot contract without nervous stimulation

40
Q

what are sarcomeres?

A

contractile unit of skeletal muscle
- a single unit runs from Z-line to Z-line
- they have myofilaments

41
Q

what shortens a sarcomere?

A

thick and thin filaments (MYOFILAMENTS) binds to each other
- the thick filament grabs the thin filament, pulling on it, to shorten the sarcomere. this makes the z-discs/lines come closer together

42
Q

what is a myofilament?

A

the thick and thin filaments in a myofibril

43
Q

what is a single contractile fiber in muscle fiber called?

A

myofibril

44
Q

what is myosin?

A

the thick filament in a sarcomere

45
Q

what is actin?

A

the thin filament in a sarcomere

46
Q

what causes the striations (making the muscle look striped) in skeletal muscle?

A

the highly organized structure of thin and thick filaments
- because of the sarcomeres

47
Q

the muscle fibers can each get larger and get more sarcomeres or also get more muscle fibers as well as more blood cells to supply the area when what happens?

A

when the muscle hypertrophes

48
Q

which muscle type has the longest muscle cells?

A

skeletal muscle

49
Q

true or false: skeletal muscle is elongated, smooth and involuntary controlled

A

false:
it is elongated, striated and voluntary controlled

50
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

a single nerve (neuron) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates (supplies)

51
Q

as the need for force increases, the firing rate of the active motor units will?

A

increase
- producing more force more often
- we will recruit additional motor units to add additional force in the output

52
Q

what does innervation/innervates mean?

A

the nerves are connecting to something to depolarize or activate it

53
Q

what is muscles PRIMARY function?

A

to produce movement

54
Q

what are the functions of muscle?

A
  • producing movement
  • stabilizing joints
  • maintain posture and body position
  • generating heat
  • protect organs
  • regulate passage of substances
  • constriction/dilation (eye (controlling amount of light), blood vessels (help to push the blood elsewhere))
55
Q

what are the two types of attachments for muscles?

A
  1. direct - muscle fuses to the bone or cartilage - where epimysium of the muscle is continuous with the periosteum of the bone
  2. indirect - where epimysium of the muscle continues as a tendon or aponeurosis which then merges into the periosteum of the bone (more common)
56
Q

what are the three types of muscle contraction?

A
  1. isometric
  2. concentric (isotonic)
  3. eccentric (isotonic)
57
Q

what is an isometric contraction?

A

when the load is equal to the force of contraction
- there is no movement in the joints
- muscle contracts but does not shorten

58
Q

what are the two types of isotonic contraction?

A
  1. concentric
  2. eccentric
59
Q

what is an isotonic contraction?

A

when there is shortening or lengthening of the muscle during contraction

60
Q

what is concentric contraction?

A

the tension in the muscle is generated as the muscle is shortening
- the force of the contraction is stronger than the load and the movement and muscle force are in the same direction

61
Q

what is eccentric contraction?

A

tension is developed in the muscle while the muscle is lengthening
- often the force that causes the movement is gravity
- the force of contraction is less than the force of the load
- movement and muscle force are in opposite directions

62
Q

what factors affect the force of contraction?

A
  • NUMBER or muscle fibers RECRUITED
  • SIZE of muscle fibers
  • FREQUENCY of nerve stimulation
  • degree of muscle stretch
    • fibers have an optimal length for maximizing contraction
    • ex. if muscle is stretched, thick filament cannot reach thin filament
63
Q

true or false: muscle attachment occurs in one place

A

false:
muscle attachment occurs in more than one place

64
Q

as a muscle shortens, which point moves closer to the origin?

A

the insertion point
- the action is what happens to one or more joints as a result of the muscle contraction

65
Q

what is an “origin”?

A

the “fixed” point of attachment (or more fixed)
- typically the more proximal attachment

66
Q

what is an “insertion point”?

A

attachment on moveable bone
- typically the more distal attachment

67
Q

what does muscles produce or restrict when they cross a joint and are activated?

A

produce or restrict movement in that joint

68
Q

muscles can only ____, never _____.

A

only pull, never push

  • there is a muscle that “does” a movement and another that “undoes” it (usually a pair of muscles)
69
Q

what is a prime mover? (AGONIST)

A

a muscle with the major responsibility of producing a specific movement of a bone or stabilizing it

70
Q

what is a synergist?

A

secondary muscles which contribute to action of prime mover

71
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

a muscle that opposes a specific movement (usually relaxed/stretched when agonist is active)
- typically they oppose the movement or action of prime mover
- tend to be the muscles on the opposite side of a joint to the prime mover

72
Q

what do most skeletal muscles use to move?

A

leverage

73
Q

what are the three components of a lever system?

A
  • lever
  • effort
  • load
74
Q

what is a lever?

A
  • rigid bar (bone) that moves on a fixed point called fulcrum (joint)
  • the point/joint around which all the movement will occur
75
Q

what is effort in the lever system?

A

force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to lever to move resistance (load) that is applied to the moveable bone in the system

76
Q

what is load in the lever system?

A

resistance (bone + tissues + any added weight) that is moved by the effort
- the weight that needs to be moved

77
Q

what are the two basic principles of levers?

A
  1. effort FARTHER than load from fulcrum = lever operates at mechanical ADVANTAGE
  2. effort NEARER the load to fulcrum = lever operates at mechanical DISADVANTAGE
78
Q

what is the set up of a first class lever?

A

fulcrum between load and effort

79
Q

what is the set up of a second class lever?

A

load between fulcrum and effort

80
Q

what is the set up of a third class lever?

A

effort between fulcrum and load

81
Q

what are examples of each class lever applied to anatomy?

A

1st class: nodding your head (Fulcrum is your C1, load is your chin)
2nd class: standing on your toes (fulcrum is your toes, load is body weight)
3rd class: flexion at the elbow (fulcrum is your elbow, load is your hand and effort is the force generated in your biceps)

82
Q

what are the two ways of naming muscles by location?

A
  • intercostal (rib)
  • temporalis (temporal bone)
83
Q

what are the two ways of naming muscles by shape?

A
  • teres (round)
  • trapezium (trapezoid)
84
Q

what are the two ways of naming muscles by size?

A

gluteus maximum (big muscle) and minimus (small muscle)

85
Q

what are the two ways of naming muscles by the direction of their muscle fibers?

A
  • RECTUS femoris (straight)
  • internal OBLIQUE (diagonal)
86
Q

what are the two ways of naming muscles by number of origins?

A
  • biceps brachii (two origins)
  • triceps brachii (three origins)
87
Q

what are the two ways of naming muscles by location of attachments?

A

sternocleidomastoid (sternum, clavicle, mastoid process)

88
Q

what are the two ways of naming muscles by muscle action?

A

aDductor longus

KINE2031: Human Anatomy (34 decks)

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