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KINE2031: Human Anatomy > Module 3E: Joints > Flashcards

Module 3E: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for joints?

A

articulations or arthroses

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2
Q

what is a joint?

A

where two or more bones meet
- or the point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth

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3
Q

what are the two functions of joints?

A
  • give our skeleton mobility
  • hold skeleton together
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4
Q

what are the two ways we classify joints?

A

class and type

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5
Q

what are the three joint classes?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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6
Q

what is joint class?

A
  • where articulations (joints) are classified on the type of tissue holding the joints together
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7
Q

what is joint type?

A
  • where articulations (joints) are classified based on the function of the joint (the type of movement)
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8
Q

what are the types of fibrous joints?

A
  • suture
  • syndesmosis
  • gomphosis (special type of syndesmosis)
  • interosseous
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9
Q

what are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • synchondrosis
  • symphysis
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10
Q

what are the types of synovial joints?

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condylar
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
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11
Q

in fibrous tissue, bones are joined by?

A

collagen fibers of connective tissue

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12
Q

can fibrous joints move?

A

either very slightly or immovable

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13
Q

what is a suture joint?

A
  • type of fibrous joint
  • where the fibers in the joints between the bones and the irregular bone edges, interlock to give the joint strength, and decrease the chance of fracturing
  • often called a bone joint because often these bones are fused
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14
Q

where is the only place suture joints are found?

A

the skull
- immovable after one year of age

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15
Q

what is a syndesmosis joint?

A
  • where a ligament in the tissue that connects one bone to another bone and they are located on the outside of the two bones they join
  • example: distal tibiofibular joint
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16
Q

are syndesmosis joints movable?

A

slightly

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17
Q

what is a gomphosis joint?

A
  • a type of fibrous tissue
  • special type of syndesmosis joint
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18
Q

what holds a gomphosis joint in place?

A

very very short collagen fibers

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19
Q

what joint is found in our teeth?

A

gomphosis joint
- only place it is found

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20
Q

what is the gomphosis joint often called?

A

a peg and socket fibrous joint
- where the periodontal ligament holds the roots of our teeth in the socket

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21
Q

what is the interosseous membrane joint?

A
  • a type of fibrous joint
  • have a substantial sheet of connective tissue that binds two long bones together
  • permits slight movement
  • provides an increased attachment surface for muscles
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22
Q

what are our two locations of the interosseous membrane joint?

A
  • in the forearm between the radius and ulna
  • in our leg between the tibia and fibula
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23
Q

in cartilaginous joints, bones are tightly connected by?

A

either by hyaline or fibrocartilage

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24
Q

are cartilaginous joints moveable?

A
  • immoveable or slightly moveable
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25
Q

what is a synchondrosis joint?

A
  • a type of cartilaginous joint
  • the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
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26
Q

what does “chondro” mean?

A

cartilage

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27
Q

what is the only location for the synchondrosis joint?

A

the first rib joint with the manubrium of the sternum

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28
Q

other than the first rib joint, which joint type is on the ribs?

A

synovial
- they have a capsule around them

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29
Q

the epiphyseal cartilage at the epiphyseal plate is a subcategory of?

A

the synchondrosis type

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30
Q

epiphyseal cartilage only lasts?

A
  • its temporary
  • only lasts while the long bones are growing - no longer exists when you are done growing
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31
Q

what is the symphysis joint?

A
  • a type of cartilaginous joint
  • very solid but also allow very little amounts of stretch in special circumstances like when you are giving birth
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32
Q

what are bones covered with in synovial joints?

A

hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage that are separated by a joint cavity and enclosed within a capsule

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32
Q

examples of the symphysis joint?

A
  • intervertebral disc
  • pubic symphysis
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33
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A

when the hyaline cartilage covers the end of a joint

34
Q

what does articular cartilage do?

A

smooths the roughened ends of the bones

35
Q

what is the structure that is the most responsible for holding bones together and synovial joints?

A

ligaments

36
Q

what are synovial joints also called?

A

diethrosis joints
- because they permit the most free movement

37
Q

there is synovial fluid in the synovial cavity of the capsule. what is it for?

A

it has nutrients and gas to move between blood vessels and bone and permits smoother movement

38
Q

what is the articular capsule?

A

the fibrous and synovial membrane of a joint

39
Q

what type of joint do we have the most of in our body?

A

synovial type
- only one that freely moves

40
Q

do some synovial joints move a lot more than others?

A

yes
- sternalcoastal - very little
- shoulder joints - a lot

41
Q

what is a plane joint?

A
  • type of synovial joint
  • capable of gliding motion where two flattish surfaces slide along with respect to each other
  • not axial (do not move along an axis)
42
Q

what is an example of a plane joint?

A
  • between the carpals (intercarpal joint)
  • intertarsal joints
  • superior inferior articular processes in the spine that form the facet joints
43
Q

what is the only synovial joint in the spine?

A

the facet joints
- plane joint

44
Q

what is the hinge joint?

A
  • type of synovial joint
  • permits uniaxial motion (about one plane)
45
Q

what is an example of a hinge joint?

A
  • flexion and extension of an elbow
  • flexion and extension of the knee
  • flexion and extension of the interphalangeal joints of hands and feet
46
Q

is the flexion and extension of the wrist a hinge joint/motion?

A

no, the wrist is not a hinge joints

47
Q

what is a pivot joint?

A
  • type of synovial joint
  • capable of rotation only
  • bones are loosely connected with a ligament holding the joint in place to permit the movement
48
Q

what are examples of pivot joints?

A
  • the proximal radial ulnar joint for supination and pronation
  • atlantoaxial joint between C1 and C2
49
Q

what is the condyloid/condylar joint?

A
  • type of synovial joint
  • can do movement in two directions (biaxial)
50
Q

what is an example of the condyloid/condylar joint?

A
  • the metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)
  • wrist where the radius and ulna join with the proximal row of carpals
51
Q

what is a saddle joint?

A
  • a type of synovial joint
  • have joint surfaces that are curved
  • biaxial - permit movement about two planes (like flexion/extension and adduction/abduction)
52
Q

what are examples of the saddle joints?

A
  • carpal-metacarpal joints of the thumb (between trapezium and the first metacarpal)
53
Q

what is the differences and similarities of a condyloid joint and a saddle joint?

A
  • different joint shape
  • same movement/planes (biaxial)
54
Q

what is a ball and socket joint?

A
  • a type of synovial joint
  • permits movement in all directions
55
Q

what is the style of the ball and socket joint?

A
  • a full ball with a deep socket
56
Q

what are examples of where you can find ball and socket joints?

A

shoulder and hip

57
Q

what type of movement down a ball and socket joint permit?

A
  • flexion and extension
  • adduction and abduction
  • internal and external rotation
  • circumduction
58
Q

what are the three common joint injuries?

A
  1. cartilage tear
  2. sprains
  3. strains
59
Q

what is a cartilage tear caused by?

A
  • a common overuse injury of the joints (especially in knee menisci) involving moderate repetitive forces
  • can also be caused by a forceful acute impact of one-time loading event like a sports injury from a fall or twisting your knee while your foot is planted
60
Q

where are cartilage tears most common?

A

in synovial joints

61
Q

where is the medial meniscus located?

A

between the femoral condyles and the proximal tibia

62
Q

cartilage fragments from cartilage tears can interfere with joint function. what happens then? especially when it is causing pain.

A

they are removed
- typically done by arthroscopic surgery

63
Q

what is an arthroscopic surgery?

A

a minimally invasive surgical procedure

64
Q

cartilage cannot repair itself very well because?

A

it is avascular

65
Q

what is a sprain?

A
  • a common joint injury
  • ligaments that are reinforcing the joint are stretched or torn
66
Q

why are sprains slow to heal?

A

due to poor vascularization of the tissues

67
Q

what does ligaments connect?

A
  • bone to bone
  • also strengthens the outside of joints
68
Q

why does partial or full tears of a ligament cause more damage with time?

A

because the joints end up being lose which causes further damage because now the joint motion is no longer constrained with intact functioning ligaments

69
Q

how do full torn ligaments heal?

A

surgery
- needs to go in and sew the ends back together otherwise there is no contact in the torn collagen and it cannot knit itself back together

70
Q

what is the “unhappy” or “terrible triad”

A

when you damage your
- medial collateral ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
and
- medial meniscus

71
Q

what is the difference between the unhappy vs the terrible triad?

A

unhappy = partial tears of ACL, MCL + torn medial meniscus (can occur from non-contact events such as a strong planted foot with a strong torsion or twisting to the knee and it causes incomplete tears to the ligaments)
terrible = complete rupture of ACL, MCL + torn medial meniscus (caused by a strong planted foot with a strong torsion or twisting to the knee and it causes incomplete tears to the ligaments AS WELL AS a lateral blow that forces the knee inward)

72
Q

what is a strain?

A
  • a type of common joint injury
  • when muscles or tendons are overstretched or torn
73
Q

what do tendons connect?

A

muscle to bone

74
Q

how fast does strains heal?

A

faster than ligaments/cartilage
- this is because they have relatively good vascularization

75
Q

how are partial strain tears typically treated?

A

with physio
- the goal is to strengthen the surrounding muscles and to manage pain (does NOT make it heal faster- just makes sure that the muscle is firing as well as helping to maintain and regain range of motion)

76
Q

what is tendonotis?

A
  • an inflammatory/degenerative condition
  • the inflammation of tendons from overuse (there is usually not enough space for these muscles to move around so much)
77
Q

what is tendonitis commonly treated with?

A

rest, ice and anti-inflammatory drugs

78
Q

tendonitis is often slow to heal, why?

A

often because the cause of tendonitis is not removed

79
Q

what is arthritis?

A
  • a inflammatory/degenerative condition
  • inflammation of the joint
  • over 100 different types of inflammatory diseases of the joint
80
Q

what affects does arthritis include?

A
  • fluid accumulation or swelling
  • diseases affect joint comfort and function
  • decrease in movement
  • increase in pain
81
Q

why is there fluid accumulation or swelling as an affect of arthritis?

A

due to immune cells flooding to the area and this swelling can reduce the space and press on nerves and vessels contributing to pain and decreased mobility

82
Q

what is arthritis due to?

A
  • a wearing of the cartilage and broadly inflammation in the joints
  • overuse
  • biomechanical issues (like an improper joint alignment)
  • general aging (bone and muscle atrophy)
  • improper exercise and maintenance of weight (large swings of weight)
  • thin cartilage
  • NOT a lack of cartilage
83
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

swollen, inflamed synovial membrane

KINE2031: Human Anatomy (34 decks)

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