Module 3E: Joints Flashcards
what is another name for joints?
articulations or arthroses
what is a joint?
where two or more bones meet
- or the point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth
what are the two functions of joints?
- give our skeleton mobility
- hold skeleton together
what are the two ways we classify joints?
class and type
what are the three joint classes?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
what is joint class?
- where articulations (joints) are classified on the type of tissue holding the joints together
what is joint type?
- where articulations (joints) are classified based on the function of the joint (the type of movement)
what are the types of fibrous joints?
- suture
- syndesmosis
- gomphosis (special type of syndesmosis)
- interosseous
what are the types of cartilaginous joints?
- synchondrosis
- symphysis
what are the types of synovial joints?
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- saddle
- ball and socket
in fibrous tissue, bones are joined by?
collagen fibers of connective tissue
can fibrous joints move?
either very slightly or immovable
what is a suture joint?
- type of fibrous joint
- where the fibers in the joints between the bones and the irregular bone edges, interlock to give the joint strength, and decrease the chance of fracturing
- often called a bone joint because often these bones are fused
where is the only place suture joints are found?
the skull
- immovable after one year of age
what is a syndesmosis joint?
- where a ligament in the tissue that connects one bone to another bone and they are located on the outside of the two bones they join
- example: distal tibiofibular joint
are syndesmosis joints movable?
slightly
what is a gomphosis joint?
- a type of fibrous tissue
- special type of syndesmosis joint
what holds a gomphosis joint in place?
very very short collagen fibers
what joint is found in our teeth?
gomphosis joint
- only place it is found
what is the gomphosis joint often called?
a peg and socket fibrous joint
- where the periodontal ligament holds the roots of our teeth in the socket
what is the interosseous membrane joint?
- a type of fibrous joint
- have a substantial sheet of connective tissue that binds two long bones together
- permits slight movement
- provides an increased attachment surface for muscles
what are our two locations of the interosseous membrane joint?
- in the forearm between the radius and ulna
- in our leg between the tibia and fibula
in cartilaginous joints, bones are tightly connected by?
either by hyaline or fibrocartilage
are cartilaginous joints moveable?
- immoveable or slightly moveable
what is a synchondrosis joint?
- a type of cartilaginous joint
- the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
what does “chondro” mean?
cartilage
what is the only location for the synchondrosis joint?
the first rib joint with the manubrium of the sternum
other than the first rib joint, which joint type is on the ribs?
synovial
- they have a capsule around them
the epiphyseal cartilage at the epiphyseal plate is a subcategory of?
the synchondrosis type
epiphyseal cartilage only lasts?
- its temporary
- only lasts while the long bones are growing - no longer exists when you are done growing
what is the symphysis joint?
- a type of cartilaginous joint
- very solid but also allow very little amounts of stretch in special circumstances like when you are giving birth
what are bones covered with in synovial joints?
hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage that are separated by a joint cavity and enclosed within a capsule
examples of the symphysis joint?
- intervertebral disc
- pubic symphysis
what is articular cartilage?
when the hyaline cartilage covers the end of a joint
what does articular cartilage do?
smooths the roughened ends of the bones
what is the structure that is the most responsible for holding bones together and synovial joints?
ligaments
what are synovial joints also called?
diethrosis joints
- because they permit the most free movement
there is synovial fluid in the synovial cavity of the capsule. what is it for?
it has nutrients and gas to move between blood vessels and bone and permits smoother movement
what is the articular capsule?
the fibrous and synovial membrane of a joint
what type of joint do we have the most of in our body?
synovial type
- only one that freely moves
do some synovial joints move a lot more than others?
yes
- sternalcoastal - very little
- shoulder joints - a lot
what is a plane joint?
- type of synovial joint
- capable of gliding motion where two flattish surfaces slide along with respect to each other
- not axial (do not move along an axis)
what is an example of a plane joint?
- between the carpals (intercarpal joint)
- intertarsal joints
- superior inferior articular processes in the spine that form the facet joints
what is the only synovial joint in the spine?
the facet joints
- plane joint
what is the hinge joint?
- type of synovial joint
- permits uniaxial motion (about one plane)
what is an example of a hinge joint?
- flexion and extension of an elbow
- flexion and extension of the knee
- flexion and extension of the interphalangeal joints of hands and feet
is the flexion and extension of the wrist a hinge joint/motion?
no, the wrist is not a hinge joints
what is a pivot joint?
- type of synovial joint
- capable of rotation only
- bones are loosely connected with a ligament holding the joint in place to permit the movement
what are examples of pivot joints?
- the proximal radial ulnar joint for supination and pronation
- atlantoaxial joint between C1 and C2
what is the condyloid/condylar joint?
- type of synovial joint
- can do movement in two directions (biaxial)
what is an example of the condyloid/condylar joint?
- the metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)
- wrist where the radius and ulna join with the proximal row of carpals
what is a saddle joint?
- a type of synovial joint
- have joint surfaces that are curved
- biaxial - permit movement about two planes (like flexion/extension and adduction/abduction)
what are examples of the saddle joints?
- carpal-metacarpal joints of the thumb (between trapezium and the first metacarpal)
what is the differences and similarities of a condyloid joint and a saddle joint?
- different joint shape
- same movement/planes (biaxial)
what is a ball and socket joint?
- a type of synovial joint
- permits movement in all directions
what is the style of the ball and socket joint?
- a full ball with a deep socket
what are examples of where you can find ball and socket joints?
shoulder and hip
what type of movement down a ball and socket joint permit?
- flexion and extension
- adduction and abduction
- internal and external rotation
- circumduction
what are the three common joint injuries?
- cartilage tear
- sprains
- strains
what is a cartilage tear caused by?
- a common overuse injury of the joints (especially in knee menisci) involving moderate repetitive forces
- can also be caused by a forceful acute impact of one-time loading event like a sports injury from a fall or twisting your knee while your foot is planted
where are cartilage tears most common?
in synovial joints
where is the medial meniscus located?
between the femoral condyles and the proximal tibia
cartilage fragments from cartilage tears can interfere with joint function. what happens then? especially when it is causing pain.
they are removed
- typically done by arthroscopic surgery
what is an arthroscopic surgery?
a minimally invasive surgical procedure
cartilage cannot repair itself very well because?
it is avascular
what is a sprain?
- a common joint injury
- ligaments that are reinforcing the joint are stretched or torn
why are sprains slow to heal?
due to poor vascularization of the tissues
what does ligaments connect?
- bone to bone
- also strengthens the outside of joints
why does partial or full tears of a ligament cause more damage with time?
because the joints end up being lose which causes further damage because now the joint motion is no longer constrained with intact functioning ligaments
how do full torn ligaments heal?
surgery
- needs to go in and sew the ends back together otherwise there is no contact in the torn collagen and it cannot knit itself back together
what is the “unhappy” or “terrible triad”
when you damage your
- medial collateral ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
and
- medial meniscus
what is the difference between the unhappy vs the terrible triad?
unhappy = partial tears of ACL, MCL + torn medial meniscus (can occur from non-contact events such as a strong planted foot with a strong torsion or twisting to the knee and it causes incomplete tears to the ligaments)
terrible = complete rupture of ACL, MCL + torn medial meniscus (caused by a strong planted foot with a strong torsion or twisting to the knee and it causes incomplete tears to the ligaments AS WELL AS a lateral blow that forces the knee inward)
what is a strain?
- a type of common joint injury
- when muscles or tendons are overstretched or torn
what do tendons connect?
muscle to bone
how fast does strains heal?
faster than ligaments/cartilage
- this is because they have relatively good vascularization
how are partial strain tears typically treated?
with physio
- the goal is to strengthen the surrounding muscles and to manage pain (does NOT make it heal faster- just makes sure that the muscle is firing as well as helping to maintain and regain range of motion)
what is tendonotis?
- an inflammatory/degenerative condition
- the inflammation of tendons from overuse (there is usually not enough space for these muscles to move around so much)
what is tendonitis commonly treated with?
rest, ice and anti-inflammatory drugs
tendonitis is often slow to heal, why?
often because the cause of tendonitis is not removed
what is arthritis?
- a inflammatory/degenerative condition
- inflammation of the joint
- over 100 different types of inflammatory diseases of the joint
what affects does arthritis include?
- fluid accumulation or swelling
- diseases affect joint comfort and function
- decrease in movement
- increase in pain
why is there fluid accumulation or swelling as an affect of arthritis?
due to immune cells flooding to the area and this swelling can reduce the space and press on nerves and vessels contributing to pain and decreased mobility
what is arthritis due to?
- a wearing of the cartilage and broadly inflammation in the joints
- overuse
- biomechanical issues (like an improper joint alignment)
- general aging (bone and muscle atrophy)
- improper exercise and maintenance of weight (large swings of weight)
- thin cartilage
- NOT a lack of cartilage
what is rheumatoid arthritis?
swollen, inflamed synovial membrane
