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KINE2031: Human Anatomy > Module 2A: Tissues; Epithelial > Flashcards

Module 2A: Tissues; Epithelial Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells that are:
- similar in structure
- perform a common or related function

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2
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues
- subset of microscopic anatomy

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3
Q

What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscular tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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4
Q

What is the role of epithelial tissue?

A

Protects

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5
Q

What is the role of connective tissue?

A

Supports and attaches things together

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6
Q

What is the role of muscular tissue

A

Moves

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7
Q

What is the role of nervous tissue?

A

Controls

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8
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue? What do they do?

A
  1. Covering/lining epithelium: forms outer layer of skin and internal structures (lining around stomach as well)
  2. Glandular epithelium: forms glands of body (ex. Salivary glands)
  • both form boundaries and decides what crosses the boundary
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9
Q

What are the four functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Absorption
  3. Sensation
  4. Secretion
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10
Q

What does physical protection from epithelial tissue do?

A

Stops harmful substances from entering the body or particular organs

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11
Q

Epithelial tissues can form what that allows some things to pass and some things to not

A

A selective barrier
- when epithelial does this, it’s called absorption

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12
Q

What does epithelial tissue do for sensation?

A

Forms some specialized receptors
- have hairlike extensions that can detect changes in temperature, chemical composition, if there’s too little oxygen, or if something too big comes through that tube.
- when hairlike extensions are bent, it sends sensory responses to brain to say that it’s not good

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13
Q

What is a gland with respect to epithelial tissue?

A

Group of one or more modified epithelial cells that make or secrete a particular substance

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14
Q

Where does secretion occur?

A

In glands

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15
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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16
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A
  • secrete products directly in bloodstream
    Ex. Thyroid, pituitary glands, pancreas
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17
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

Secrete products into ducts (channels/tunnels)
Ex. Sweat, earwax, saliva

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18
Q

What happens to a substance if it is put into the blood?

A

It can go anywhere in the whole body

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19
Q

what is the basement membrane?

A

a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans separating an epithelium from underlying tissue

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20
Q

Which type of glands has a thicker basement membrane? (Membrane surrounding membrane of nucleus of secretory cell of sweat gland)

A

Exocrine gland. Endocrine needs secretion or diffusion across the cells into the nearby blood vessels so this makes sense as to why the basement membrane is thicker in exocrine cells. Exocrine does not want product to leave the gland.

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21
Q

What side of epithelial tissue is exposed to the external environment or cavity of organ?

A

Apical (free) surface
- often have microvilli or cilia

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22
Q

Where is the basal surface of epithelial tissue?

A

The anchored bottom surface of the cells and is attached to the basal lamina which is apart of the basement membrane when the epithelial tissue is connected to connective tissue

23
Q

What does basal lamina do?

A

Acts as a filter. Decides what can and cannot travel into or out of the epithelial layer of that tissue.
- joins epithelial tissue to connective tissue

24
Q

When the epithelial tissue is connected to connective tissue, what is the basement membrane made up of?

A

Basal lamina and reticular lamina

25
Q

Does epithelial tissue fit closely together to form, continuous sheets

A

Yes

26
Q

What protects and gives structural support to epithelial tissue?

A

Connective tissue

27
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

Blood vessels, arteries and veins do not go directly to them

28
Q

True or false: epithelial tissue is avascular?

A

True

29
Q

How does epithelial tissue get their nutrients?

A

From nearby blood vessels and when they are anchored to connective tissue, the blood vessels in connective tissue is where their nutrients come from

30
Q

While epithelial tissue has no direct contact with arteries or veins, what do they have direct contact with?

A

Nerves
- epithelial tissue can pass information from this tissue layer to the brain

31
Q

Epithelial tissue has high regenerative capacity as long as?

A

They receive adequate nutrition. They can replace lost cells by cell division

32
Q

What are the three different types of arrangement of layers in epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Simple - one layer where all touch basement membrane
  2. Pseudostratified - one layer elongated where all touch basement membrane
  3. Stratified- multiple simples on top of one another where only first layer touches basement membrane
33
Q

What are the three types of cell shapes in epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Squamous- thin, fiat, wide
  2. Cuboidal- cells are cube shaped; all approx same size
  3. Columnar- tall, thin, rectangular, shaped like columns
  • you can have a mix and match of the types within a tissue
34
Q

What does more layers on epithelial tissue mean?

A

More protection

35
Q

What is cilia often helpful for in epithelial tissue?

A

Often helpful in moving substances or involved in sensation

36
Q

Where in our body will we have simple squamous epithelium?

A

Small intestine.
- whenever we need absorption or secretion

37
Q

Which type of epithelium tissue layer and shape is for absorption of fluids?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

38
Q

what is a miotic spindle?

A

a structure that forms during cell division and separates duplicated chromosomes

39
Q

what is the two varieties of simple columnar epithelium?

A

nonciliated and ciliated

40
Q

what is nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

simple columnar epithelium with microvilli on the surface to increase the surface area
- goblet cells and mucous production
- typically seen in the digestive system

41
Q

what is ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

simple columnar epithelium that is covered with cilia at the top
- goblet cells and mucous production
- typically seen in uterus

42
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

areas where many layers are needed because protection is important

43
Q

in stratified squamous epithelium, bottom layers have nuclei and top layers dont, why is this?

A

top layers are dead
- like dead skin for example

44
Q

stratified tissue is going to regenerate from where?

A

below, by the basement membrane and basal surface, pushing the cells upward

45
Q

where would stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?

A
  • esophagus
  • lining of sweat glands
  • salivary glands
46
Q

where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A
  • male urethra
  • conjunctiva of the eyeball (front of eyeball)
  • lining of pharynx
47
Q

is the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium usually ciliated and/or have goblet cells?

A

yes and yes

48
Q

where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium typically found?

A

respiratory system to help move things along the walls

49
Q

what does a transitional epithelium look like?

A

stratified layers of cells that change shape depending on where they are and what loads are applied to them

50
Q

the inner bladder tissue is a transitional epithelium.
1. what happens to the inner layers of cells when your bladder is full?
2. what happens when your bladder is later emptied?

A
  1. inner layers of cells are going to flatten to make more space inside the bladder to hold more urine.
  2. cells bounce back and look more cuboidal
51
Q

What is the lumen of a gland?

A

In exocrine glands, the lumen forms the ducts for products to be transported to a SPECIFIC location

52
Q

Together, the basal and reticular lamina (the basement membrane) decides what in terms of the two tissues?

A

What passes through the two tissues

53
Q

What is simple squamous specialized for?

A

Moving molecules across

KINE2031: Human Anatomy (34 decks)

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