Module 2B: Tissues; Connective Flashcards
what is the 6 functions of connective tissue?
- support body structure
- not just attaching things together - binding tissues to bone
- storage of fat or energy
- transport things like nutrients waste and hormones etc. around the body
- protection; the bones protects our organs. skeleton takes the impact
- immune protection; connective tissue may contact white blood cells which protects the body from invading pathogens
what are the four types of connective tissue?
- connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
- all develop from the same cell (mesenchyme)
what are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue?
- cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, adipocytes)
- ground substances (nonliving)
- fibers (elastic, reticular and collagen fibers) (nonliving)
what is the extracellular matrix?
combining the ground substance and fibers of the structural elements of connective tissues
the function of connective tissue will change depending on what?
the concentration it has of each structural elements of connective tissue
three subtypes of connective tissue proper - loose?
areolar, adipose and reticular
what types of cells are found in areolar?
fibroblast, defense cell and adipose cell
does areolar tissue hold water?
yes. located in the lining of capillaries
what cell is going to produce the protein fibers and ground substance
fibroblast
what fiber is made of collagen protein and is strong, flexible and resistant to stretch?
collagen fiber
which fiber allows for stretch and recoil and made of elastin protein
elastic fiber
what fiber is made of collagen fibers, tough and flexible and has a branching structure? supports blood vessels in your spleen
reticular fiber
what is ground substance?
colourless, viscous solution that supports cells and binds them together. provides medium for exchange
what are the defense cells in areolar connective tissue?
macrophage, plasma cell, mast cell, eosinophil, neutrophil
- responsible for breaking down any invading pathogens
- second line of defense after epithelial cells
adipose cells contain what?
mainly lipids
what does adipose cells do?
- store energy
- provide cushioning and protection
- produces hormones
what cell type is primarily found in adipose tissue (fat storing)?
lipids
what does reticular tissue contains predominantly what?
reticular fibers; very thin connective fibers that were found in hollow organs
reticular tissue forms a supporting framework, why is that?
due to interweaving of the reticular fibers
which type of connective tissue proper - loose traps fluids?
reticular tissues, they act as sponges
why is a “connective tissue proper - dense”, dense?
it has more fibers, and less ground substance compared to connective tissue proper loose
what are the three types of connective tissue proper dense (CTPD)?
- regular
- irregular
- elastic
what is the structure of the regular connective tissue proper dense?
collagen fibers, running parallel, densely packed and very strong(only in direction it is running, not perpendicular)
CTPD regular has poor blood supply, what does this mean for damaged tissue (tendons or ligaments)?
its slow to heal
what is the structure of the IRregular CTPD?
- mostly collagen fibers arranged in an irregular mesh pattern
- found in the dermis of skin
- found in layer around bone and cartilage called periosteum / perichondrium
IRregular CTPD can provide strength in multiple directions, why?
because of the multi-directional arrangement of fibers
ex. pulling skin in any direction when you cannot do that with a tendon
what is elastic CTPD made up of? what does this allow for?
collagen and elastic fibers
- allows for stretch and recoil
where can elastic CTPD be found?
in arteries and some ligaments that are stretchier
what are membranes made up of?
- CTPD loose or dense
- combination of epithelial and connective tissue plus basement membrane
what is a membrane?
- they are flat sheets of pliable tissue
- coverings or lining on parts of our body
- their combinations of epithelial and connective tissue + a basement membrane
what are the types of membranes?
- skin (aka cutaneous membrane)
- mucous
- serous
- synovial
what are the two layers of the skin membrane?
epidermis; very top (made of epithelia)
dermis; under epidermis (made of connective tissue)
what is the mucous membrane composed of?
epithelial, loose connective tissue, and goblet cells
what shape is the mucous membrane most often?
columnar
which organs will the mucous membrane align?
organs in your respiratory, urinary, digestive and reproductive systems
what is the serous membrane composed of?
simple epithelia and areolar connective tissue
what is the function of the serous membrane?
produces thin, watery fluid to allow easy motion over surfaces
what are the two layers of serous membrane on the lungs called?
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
why do we have a double layer of serous membrane with fluid in between on our lungs?
so when our lungs are inflating and deflating, they dont stick to our thoracic wall. there would be no friction
what are synovial membranes make up of?
synovial cells (synoviocytes) and loose connective tissue
is a synovial membrane an epithelial membrane?
no
what is a synovial membranes function?
lines joint cavities and secretes synovial fluid (lubricates and protects the joints, AND helps provide nutrients to the articular cartilage in the joint)
what is a chondrocyte?
a cartilage cell
what do chondrocytes develop from?
chondroblasts
what does chondrocytes produce?
collagen, elastic fibers and ground substance
- just like fibroblasts
- what does the ground substance of cartilage do?
- also what does chondroitin sulfate (which is in the ground substance) do?
- makes it solid but somewhat pliable
- chondroitin sulfate will help give the cartilage resiliency so that it can take more stress than the connective tissue proper
what is perichondrium?
the dense layer of connective tissue that covers the cartilage
what are the three types of cartilage?
what do they differ in?
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage (on ear)
- fibrocartilage (intervertebrae)
- they differ in amounts of strength and elasticity
no matter what type, what will all cartilage do?
provide cushion and support especially to bones
often cartilage is found where?
between bone and joints.
- in joints, cartilage typically lines the end of the bones
why do we need cartilage on our bones in joints?
bone tissue is rough so without it, we would have too much friction and a lot of paint
- cartilage lets bones slide past each other we can have contact without damage
why do we need so much water in ground substance for our cartilage?
its really good for cushioning. enhances the viscoelastic properties of this tissue
which cartilage is the most common?
hyaline as it lines most of our (long) bones at the articulation ends
- middle strength and middle elasticity
which cartilage is the stretchiest?
elastic cartilage; most uncommon
which is the toughest cartilage with the least amount of stretch?
fibrocartilage; lots in our body, but in very specific spots
does hyaline cartilage have a high or low concentration of fine collagen fibers?
high
when we start of as a fetus, all of the skeleton is what?
hyaline cartilage and then we grow bone to replace most of the cartilage
which cartilage is found between our ribs and our sternum?
hyaline cartilage
what is elastic cartilage made of?
collagen and elastic fibers but more elastic so it is more flexible (less resilient)
- has outer perichondrium
which cartilage is the cartilage of our intervertebrae discs?
fibrocartilage
how are chondrocytes and collagen fibers arranged in fibrocartilage?
arranged in parallel rows
- this permits resistance of compression loads
what is fibrocartilages function?
shock absorption, especially for the intervertebral discs
- resisting compressive loads
what are the two types of bone?
compact and spongey
where is marrow stored?
spongey bone
what are the roles of bone?
support, protect, house blood forming tissue
what is the toughest fiber?
collagen
what is bone made of?
collagen fibers and calcium
what will your bones do if you are low on calcium?
release calcium when you need it, but it will make them weaker
what is bloods main function?
transportation
what are ALL connective tissues developed from?
mesenchyme
what does chondroitin sulfate do?
it’s in ground substance. it’s what helps give cartilage resiliency so that it can take more stress than the connective tissue proper
Which cartilage has a perichondrium?
Elastic cartilage
