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KINE2031: Human Anatomy > Module 2B: Tissues; Connective > Flashcards

Module 2B: Tissues; Connective Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 6 functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. support body structure
    - not just attaching things together
  2. binding tissues to bone
  3. storage of fat or energy
  4. transport things like nutrients waste and hormones etc. around the body
  5. protection; the bones protects our organs. skeleton takes the impact
  6. immune protection; connective tissue may contact white blood cells which protects the body from invading pathogens
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2
Q

what are the four types of connective tissue?

A
  1. connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
  • all develop from the same cell (mesenchyme)
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3
Q

what are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue?

A
  1. cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, adipocytes)
  2. ground substances (nonliving)
  3. fibers (elastic, reticular and collagen fibers) (nonliving)
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4
Q

what is the extracellular matrix?

A

combining the ground substance and fibers of the structural elements of connective tissues

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5
Q

the function of connective tissue will change depending on what?

A

the concentration it has of each structural elements of connective tissue

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6
Q

three subtypes of connective tissue proper - loose?

A

areolar, adipose and reticular

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7
Q

what types of cells are found in areolar?

A

fibroblast, defense cell and adipose cell

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8
Q

does areolar tissue hold water?

A

yes. located in the lining of capillaries

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9
Q

what cell is going to produce the protein fibers and ground substance

A

fibroblast

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10
Q

what fiber is made of collagen protein and is strong, flexible and resistant to stretch?

A

collagen fiber

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11
Q

which fiber allows for stretch and recoil and made of elastin protein

A

elastic fiber

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12
Q

what fiber is made of collagen fibers, tough and flexible and has a branching structure? supports blood vessels in your spleen

A

reticular fiber

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13
Q

what is ground substance?

A

colourless, viscous solution that supports cells and binds them together. provides medium for exchange

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14
Q

what are the defense cells in areolar connective tissue?

A

macrophage, plasma cell, mast cell, eosinophil, neutrophil
- responsible for breaking down any invading pathogens
- second line of defense after epithelial cells

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15
Q

adipose cells contain what?

A

mainly lipids

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16
Q

what does adipose cells do?

A
  • store energy
  • provide cushioning and protection
  • produces hormones
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17
Q

what cell type is primarily found in adipose tissue (fat storing)?

A

lipids

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18
Q

what does reticular tissue contains predominantly what?

A

reticular fibers; very thin connective fibers that were found in hollow organs

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19
Q

reticular tissue forms a supporting framework, why is that?

A

due to interweaving of the reticular fibers

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20
Q

which type of connective tissue proper - loose traps fluids?

A

reticular tissues, they act as sponges

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21
Q

why is a “connective tissue proper - dense”, dense?

A

it has more fibers, and less ground substance compared to connective tissue proper loose

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22
Q

what are the three types of connective tissue proper dense (CTPD)?

A
  1. regular
  2. irregular
  3. elastic
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23
Q

what is the structure of the regular connective tissue proper dense?

A

collagen fibers, running parallel, densely packed and very strong(only in direction it is running, not perpendicular)

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24
Q

CTPD regular has poor blood supply, what does this mean for damaged tissue (tendons or ligaments)?

A

its slow to heal

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25
Q

what is the structure of the IRregular CTPD?

A
  • mostly collagen fibers arranged in an irregular mesh pattern
  • found in the dermis of skin
  • found in layer around bone and cartilage called periosteum / perichondrium
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26
Q

IRregular CTPD can provide strength in multiple directions, why?

A

because of the multi-directional arrangement of fibers
ex. pulling skin in any direction when you cannot do that with a tendon

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27
Q

what is elastic CTPD made up of? what does this allow for?

A

collagen and elastic fibers
- allows for stretch and recoil

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28
Q

where can elastic CTPD be found?

A

in arteries and some ligaments that are stretchier

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29
Q

what are membranes made up of?

A
  • CTPD loose or dense
  • combination of epithelial and connective tissue plus basement membrane
30
Q

what is a membrane?

A
  • they are flat sheets of pliable tissue
  • coverings or lining on parts of our body
  • their combinations of epithelial and connective tissue + a basement membrane
31
Q

what are the types of membranes?

A
  1. skin (aka cutaneous membrane)
  2. mucous
  3. serous
  4. synovial
32
Q

what are the two layers of the skin membrane?

A

epidermis; very top (made of epithelia)
dermis; under epidermis (made of connective tissue)

33
Q

what is the mucous membrane composed of?

A

epithelial, loose connective tissue, and goblet cells

34
Q

what shape is the mucous membrane most often?

A

columnar

35
Q

which organs will the mucous membrane align?

A

organs in your respiratory, urinary, digestive and reproductive systems

36
Q

what is the serous membrane composed of?

A

simple epithelia and areolar connective tissue

37
Q

what is the function of the serous membrane?

A

produces thin, watery fluid to allow easy motion over surfaces

38
Q

what are the two layers of serous membrane on the lungs called?

A

parietal pleura and visceral pleura

39
Q

why do we have a double layer of serous membrane with fluid in between on our lungs?

A

so when our lungs are inflating and deflating, they dont stick to our thoracic wall. there would be no friction

40
Q

what are synovial membranes make up of?

A

synovial cells (synoviocytes) and loose connective tissue

41
Q

is a synovial membrane an epithelial membrane?

A

no

42
Q

what is a synovial membranes function?

A

lines joint cavities and secretes synovial fluid (lubricates and protects the joints, AND helps provide nutrients to the articular cartilage in the joint)

43
Q

what is a chondrocyte?

A

a cartilage cell

44
Q

what do chondrocytes develop from?

A

chondroblasts

45
Q

what does chondrocytes produce?

A

collagen, elastic fibers and ground substance
- just like fibroblasts

46
Q
  1. what does the ground substance of cartilage do?
  2. also what does chondroitin sulfate (which is in the ground substance) do?
A
  1. makes it solid but somewhat pliable
  2. chondroitin sulfate will help give the cartilage resiliency so that it can take more stress than the connective tissue proper
47
Q

what is perichondrium?

A

the dense layer of connective tissue that covers the cartilage

48
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?
what do they differ in?

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. elastic cartilage (on ear)
  3. fibrocartilage (intervertebrae)
  • they differ in amounts of strength and elasticity
49
Q

no matter what type, what will all cartilage do?

A

provide cushion and support especially to bones

50
Q

often cartilage is found where?

A

between bone and joints.
- in joints, cartilage typically lines the end of the bones

51
Q

why do we need cartilage on our bones in joints?

A

bone tissue is rough so without it, we would have too much friction and a lot of paint
- cartilage lets bones slide past each other we can have contact without damage

52
Q

why do we need so much water in ground substance for our cartilage?

A

its really good for cushioning. enhances the viscoelastic properties of this tissue

53
Q

which cartilage is the most common?

A

hyaline as it lines most of our (long) bones at the articulation ends
- middle strength and middle elasticity

54
Q

which cartilage is the stretchiest?

A

elastic cartilage; most uncommon

55
Q

which is the toughest cartilage with the least amount of stretch?

A

fibrocartilage; lots in our body, but in very specific spots

56
Q

does hyaline cartilage have a high or low concentration of fine collagen fibers?

A

high

57
Q

when we start of as a fetus, all of the skeleton is what?

A

hyaline cartilage and then we grow bone to replace most of the cartilage

58
Q

which cartilage is found between our ribs and our sternum?

A

hyaline cartilage

59
Q

what is elastic cartilage made of?

A

collagen and elastic fibers but more elastic so it is more flexible (less resilient)
- has outer perichondrium

60
Q

which cartilage is the cartilage of our intervertebrae discs?

A

fibrocartilage

61
Q

how are chondrocytes and collagen fibers arranged in fibrocartilage?

A

arranged in parallel rows
- this permits resistance of compression loads

61
Q

what is fibrocartilages function?

A

shock absorption, especially for the intervertebral discs
- resisting compressive loads

61
Q

what are the two types of bone?

A

compact and spongey

62
Q

where is marrow stored?

A

spongey bone

63
Q

what are the roles of bone?

A

support, protect, house blood forming tissue

64
Q

what is the toughest fiber?

A

collagen

65
Q

what is bone made of?

A

collagen fibers and calcium

66
Q

what will your bones do if you are low on calcium?

A

release calcium when you need it, but it will make them weaker

67
Q

what is bloods main function?

A

transportation

68
Q

what are ALL connective tissues developed from?

A

mesenchyme

69
Q

what does chondroitin sulfate do?

A

it’s in ground substance. it’s what helps give cartilage resiliency so that it can take more stress than the connective tissue proper

70
Q

Which cartilage has a perichondrium?

A

Elastic cartilage

KINE2031: Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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