Module 3D: Lower Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
does the pelvic girdle form a full ring when the pelvis is attached to the sacrum?
yes
what full ring of the pelvic girdle has 7 bones, what are they?
- sacrum (not apart of the pelvis though)
- 2 ilium
- 2 ischium
- 2 pubis
what does the pelvic girdle do?
it attaches the lower limbs to the body and by doing that, it transmits forces from the lower limbs to the axial skeleton to the vertebral column
does the pelvic girdle provide support and balance to the trunk and provide support and protection to our organs?
yes
what are the main bones of the right lower limb?
hip bone (os coxae), sacrum, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
what is the iliac crest?
the top portion of the ilium
what is the anterior superior iliac spine?
at the front of the iliac crest
- hip bones
what is the sacroiliac joint?
where the sacrum articulates with the right and left ilia
what is the ischial tuberosity?
a site of muscle attachment
- what we sit on
- the very bottom of our pelvis
what is the pubic symphysis?
the fibrocartilage joint that doesn’t allow for much movement in the pelvis
- holds the left and right ischium together
what is the pubic tubercle?
the attachment point for the inguinal ligament
- on ischium
what is the pubic crest?
the attachment site for muscle
- on ischium
what is the acetabulum?
made up of all three bones in the pelvis on each side
- it is the socket for the head of the femur
- hip joint
what is the obturator foramen?
the big obvious hole in the anterior aspect of the pelvis
- lots of things pass through this foramen like blood vessels and nerves
what would happen if we did not have an obturator foramen?
the vessels from inside the trunk would have problems exiting into our limbs
- pelvis would be much more heavy
what is the anterior inferior iliac spine?
inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine
where is the greater sciatic notch?
on the ilium
- the posterior aspect of the hip bone
- boundary for the greater side of foramen
- contains lots of veins and muscle
what bone is behind “back dimples”?
the posterior superior iliac spine
what is the posterior inferior iliac spine?
- a part of an important space (the greater sciatic foramen) and they are an attachment point for some other structures
what are the anterior, inferior and posterior gluteal lines?
these are attachment points for the gluteal muscle group
what attaches to the ischial spine?
a ligament that is important to form the spaces of the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
what is the lesser sciatic notch?
the boundary for the lesser sciatic foramen
what is the ramus of ischium?
important for defining spaces for your urogenital triangle
what is the inferior ramus of the pubis?
will join with the ramus of the ischium to form your ischial pubis ramus which is one of the bony boundaries of the urogenital triangle
what is the acetabulum?
in the hip bone
- all three bones of the hip bone contribute to the structure
- where lower limb connects to the pelvis
what is the obturator foramen bounded by?
the ischium and pubis bones
what is another word for the hip bone?
the coxal bone OR os coxa
what is the iliac tuberosity?
a site of ligament and muscle attachment
what is the articular surface?
- of the coxal bones
- where the ilium attaches to one side of the sacrum
the bony pelvis is divided into superior and inferior portion by the pelvic rim boundary, making?
false and true pelvis
- the brim forms the inlet to the pelvic cavity from the abdomen
what is the pelvic brim?
the hollow hole of your pelvis
- following the arcuate line, to the pectineal line, to the pubic crest, to the superior pubic symphysis
- they form an oblique plane thats higher in the back than it is in the front
what part of the pelvis is the false pelvis?
the superior portion of the plane of pelvic brim (higher than the circumference of the pelvic brim)
what is the plane of the pelvic outlet made by?
points from the ischial tuberosity and the coccyx
what is the pelvic axis?
an imaginary line that curves through the true pelvis from the central point of the plane of the pelvic outlet to the pelvic brim
- NOTE: this is the direction taken by a baby’s head as it descends through the pelvis during child birth
where is the true pelvis?
below the pelvic brim
what are the borders of the false pelves?
- lumbar vertebrae posteriorly
- upper parts of hip bones laterally
- abdominal wall anteriorly
what does the false pelves surround?
- the lower abdomen
what are the contents of the false pelves?
- superior part bladder, lower intestines
+ female uterus, ovaries and uterine tubes
what are the borders of the true pelves?
- sacrum and coccyx posteriorly
- inferior portions of ilium and ischium laterally
- pubic bones anteriorly
what does the true pelves surround?
the pelvic cavity
what are the contents of the true pelves?
rectum, bladder
- in females: vagina, cervix
- in males: prostate gland
what are the superior and inferior openings of the true pelvis?
superior: pelvic brim
inferior: pelvic outlet- covered by muscles of floor of pelvis
which sex has a heavier and thicker hip bone?
males
which sex has a shallow false pelvis?
females
which sex has a wide and more oval pelvic brim (inlet)?
females
which sex’s acetabulum is large and faces lateral?
males
which sex’s acetabulum(femur socket) is small and faces anteriorly?
females
which sex has an oval obturator foramen and which has a round one?
oval: female
round: male
which sex has a greater than 90 degree pubic arch?
female
which sex has a more curved iliac crest?
male
which sex has a more vertical ilium?
male
which sex has a greater sciatic notch of almost 90 degrees (as opposed to about 70)?
a female
which sex has a longer and narrower sacrum?
a male
which sex has a wider pelvic outlet?
females
which sex has longer, closer together and more laterally projecting ischial tuberosity?
males
what carries the weight of the entire body?
the lower limb
how much body weight is applied each step? running and jumping?
1.5x our body weight each step
3-7x when we run or jump
what is considered the thigh?
the hip-knee
what is considered the leg?
the knee-ankle
what are the four parts of the lower limbs?
- thigh
- leg
- ankle
- foot
the head of the femur fits into what?
the acetabulum of the pelvic bones
- together, they form the hip joints
what is the neck of the femur?
separates the head with the shaft of the femur
- it is angled and projects superior immediately from the shaft to permit an increased range of motion at the hip joint
what are the greater trochanters of the femur?
on the lateral side of the femur and many muscles attach to this site
what is the lesser trochanters of the femur?
on the medial side of the femur and it is smaller than the greater trochanters and it is an attachment site for muscles
whats the difference between trochanter and tubercle?
trochanters are large bony projections for muscle attachment- cannot be used interchangeably with a tubercle
what is the intertrochanteric line?
anterior aspect of the femur
- boney projection that connects the greater and lesser trochanters and is a muscle attachment sote
what is the intertrochanteric crest?
posterior aspect of the femur
- boney projection for muscle attachments
what is the gluteal tuberosity of the femur?
a raised surface on the posterior aspect of the femur where the gluteal muscles will attach
what is the shaft of the femur?
the whole body of the femur between the ends of the bones
what is the linea aspera?
a ridge on the posterior femur for muscle attachment
- starts at the gluteal tuberosity and goes all the way down
what are the epicondyles of the femur?
the lateral and medial epicondyles
- boney elevations of the non-articular surfaces are attachment points for the collateral ligaments
where can we best see the femurs chondyles?
from the back
- they are rounded posteriorly and flatter on the bottom
why is there a V shaped trench on the anterior part of the femurs condyles?
for the patella to articulate with the femur
what is the intercondylar fossa?
on the femur
- the space on the posterior distal aspect of the femur that’s between the two large condyles
what is the adductor tubercle?
on the femur
- posterior superiorly to the median epicondyle and its a boney ledge on the medial side of muscle attachment
- specially for insertion of adductor magnus
why does the neck of the femur move the shaft over away from the pelvis?
to help prevent boney collisions
- increases the range of motion permitted at that joint
what bone is the patella in?
the thigh
what is the largest sesamoid bone?
the patella
- not connected to any other bone
- held in place by a tendon and a ligament
what is the shape of the patella?
triangular shaped with the apex pointing down which connects the patella to the tibia by the patellar ligament
- the base is broader to provide a thick attachment for the tendon of the quadricep femoris muscle
is the patella flat?
no, but it has areas on the posterior to articulate with the femur
what is the point of having a sesamoid bone as the patella?
in this location, it increases the leverage and this increases the moment that the muscle can generate about the knee joint
what two bones is the leg made up of?
the fibula and the tibia
which bone is our shin bone, also more medial?
the tibia
which bone is more lateral in the leg and is usually buried in muscle?
the fibula
what is between the tibia and fibula?
a really tight membrane called the interosseous membrane
- it is a between-bone membrane that adds structure and location for muscle attachment
what articulates with the femur to form the knee joint?
the tibia
what do the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia do?
are going to articulate or form joints with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur to form the knee joint
what is the intercondylar eminence?
- a raised portion of the intercogular region of the tibial plateau
- has 6 distinct facets for the attachment of the menisci and the cruciate ligaments
- on the proximal tibia
what is the tibial tuberosity?
on the front of the tibia just below the condyles - just below the knee joint
- can be felt distal of the knee joint
what is the anterior border?
sharp portion in the body of the tibia that descends from the tibial tuberosity and can be felt on the front of the shin
what is the medial malleolus?
distal end of the tibia and is a large bony projection and medial bump at the ankle
- can be felt because is has lots of muscle attachment
- for stability at the ankle joint
what is the fibular notch?
on the distal end of the tibia for articulation with the fibula
what does the head of the fibula do?
forms a joint with the tibia
what is the lateral malleolus of the fibula?
it is a distal, big boney projection that you can feel on your lateral side of your ankle because of muscle attachment but also to add stability to the ankle
we only have a lateral malleolus where and a medial malleolus where?
- lateral is only on the fibula
- medial is only on the tibia
what are the two tibiofibular joints?
- superior tibiofibular joint
- inferior tibiofibular joint
- little to no movement - they are here for stability not flexibility
- ex. you can’t move your leg from side to side at the KNEE JOINT
is both the tibia and fibula weight bearing?
no, only the tibia is weight-bearing. fibula does not articulate with the femur
the tibia has what important role in what at the ankle?
in stabilization
what is the talus?
a tarsal bone that is in the foot, articulating with bone the tibia and the fibula to make the ankle joint
what provides the last bit of the socket for the talus to make up the ankle joints?
where the tibia and fibula join together
what are the three ankle joints?
- tibiotalar joint
- fibulotalar joint
- inferior tibiofibular
where is the tibiotalar joint?
between the tibia and the talus
where is the fibulotalar joint?
between the fibula and the talus
where is the inferior tibiofibular joint?
between the tibia and the fibula at the distal aspect to properly make the socket for which the top of the talus will be able to articulate with the fibula and the tibia
what would happen if the was no inferior tibiofibular joint?
the fibula and the tibia would split apart at the distal aspect
how many tarsals are there?
seven
what are the seven tarsals?
- talus
- calcaneus
- navicular
- 3rd cuneiform (lateral)
- 2nd cuneiform (intermediate)
- 1st cuneiform (medial)
- cuboid
are the tarsals considered bones of the foot or ankle?
foot
where is our talus?
sits on the top of our tarsals
what tarsal forms our heel? (also sits at the bottom)
the calcaneus
what tarsal articulates with metatarsal 1?
the medial cuneiform
what tarsal articulates with metatarsal 2?
the intermediate cuneiform
what tarsal articulates with metatarsals 4 and 5?
the cuboid
what tarsal is the most medial, while also being immediately anterior of the talus?
the navicular
why do we need to have an arch on the medial side of the foot?
it helps with weight distribution
- room for flexibility
what tarsal articulates with metatarsal 3?
the lateral cuneiform
what bones make up the “meat” part of our foot?
the metatarsals
what metatarsal is the most medial?
metatarsal 1
what is the name of the big toe?
the hallux
how would you describe the most proximal end of your big toe?
the distal phalanx of the 1st digit of the foot
which toe only has a distal and proximal phalanx?
1st digit
- big toe
